Study guide
______ A fever is best described as a/an: A) positive feedback cycle. B) negative feedback cycle. C) control center malfunction. D) altered set point. E) receptor malfunction.
________Most enzyme names have the suffix: A) -ise. B) -ose. C) -ase. D) -in E) –shizzle
_____The first step of Na+K+ pump’s activity involves the binding of which of the following? A) K+ binds to sites outside the cell. B) K+ binds to sites inside the cell.?C) Na+ binds to sites outside the cell. D) Na+ binds to sites inside the cell. E) ATP binds to sites inside the cell.
_______The alpha helix and beta pleated sheet are examples of which level of protein organization? A) primary. B) secondary. C) tertiary. D) quaternary. E) penternary.
_______Water molecules interact with each other by ______ bonds: A) ionic. B) non-polar C) covalent. D) hydrogen.. E) hydrophobic
______ Forming a water molecule as a result or byproduct of a reaction is known as: A) hydration. B) hydrolysis. C) condensation D) activation. E) a miracle.
______ Facilitated diffusion differs from simple diffusion in that, in facilitated diffusion: A) ATP is consumed. B) molecules move against a concentration gradient. C) carrier proteins are involved. D) A & C.
_______ A white blood cell engulfing a bacterium is an example of: A) pinocytosis. B) osmosis. C) exocytosis. D) phagocytosis. E) receptor mediated endocytosis.
______Red blood cells will shrink in a/an ________ solution: A) isotonic. B) hypotonic. C) hypertonic. D) cytotonic.. E) psychiatric.
______ An organic molecule that is critical for the normal function of an enzyme is:?A) an active site B) a paraenzyme. C) a cofactor. D) a coenzyme. E) a saccharide. ______ A cell with an internal osmolarity of 300 mOsm is placed in a 200 mM solution of
NaCl. The solution is _____ and the cell will _____. A) isotonic – not change size. B) hypotonic – shrink. C) hypertonic – swell. D) hypotonic – swell. E) hypertonic – shrink.
_____ If there is 0.2 M glucose along with 0.15 M NaCl in a solution, what is its approximate osmolarity? A) 0.175 Osm. B) 500 mOsm. C) 350 mOsm. D) 2.15 Osm. E) 300 mOsm
_____ Some transport processes use transport proteins in the plasma membrane, but do not require ATP directly or indirectly. This type of transport is known as ___. A) simple diffusion. B) active transport. C) endocytosis. D) exocytosis. E) facilitated diffusion.
______ The movement of a solute against its concentration gradient is a characteristic of:?A) osmosis. B) simple diffusion. C) active transport. D) facilitated diffusion. E) B & D.
______ When a membrane-bound vesicle in the cytoplasm fuses with the cell membrane and releases its contents to the outside, this is called: A) diffusion. B) phagocytosis. C) endocytosis. D) pinocytosis. E) exocytosis.
_____ Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles are transported into cells by: A) pinocytosis.?B) phagocytosis. C) receptor-mediated endocytosis. D) J-Lo-cytosis. E) facilitated diffusion.
._____ Carbon dioxide gets through the cell membrane by: A) simple diffusion. B) facilitated diffusion. C) osmosis. D) active transport. E) symport.
______The rate of passive transport is dependent upon: A) temperature. B) the amount of ATP available. C) the concentration gradient. D) A & B. E) A & C.
______ B vitamins are often have roles as: A) membrane proteins. B) coenzymes.?C) inhibitors of enzymes. D) inorganic cofactors. E) membrane transporters.
______ Blood, Bile, Black Bile, and Phlegm are the: A) four humors of Chinese medicine.?B) four humors of Greek medicine. C) vital fluids first described in the Bible. D) Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse. E) fluids my roommate leaves in the shower.
______ In glucose homeostasis the beta cell has which role or roles? A) sensor. B) control center. C) effector. D) all of the above. E) A & B.
_____ A transporter carries glucose into a cell against its concentration gradient while simultaneously moving sodium into the cell. This type of transport is called: A) primary active transport. B) secondary active transport. C) facilitated diffusion. D) antiport.
_____Enzymes speed reaction rates because they: A) decrease the kinetic energy of a reaction. B) increase the kinetic energy of a reaction. C) increase the activation energy of a reaction. D) decrease the activation energy of a reaction.
______ When a membrane-bound vesicle in the cytoplasm fuses with the cell membrane and releases its contents to the outside, this is called: A) diffusion.
B) phagocytosis. C) endocytosis. D) exocytosis. E) pinocytosis.
______ During protein synthesis, amino acids are carried to ribosomes by: A) mRNA. B) tRNA. C) rRNA. D) aaRNA. E) peptidase.
______The organelle that contains many digestive enzymes is the: A) ribosome B) mitochondria. C) lysosome. D) nucleolus. E) Golgi body.
______ An anticodon would be found in: A) cRNA. B) mRNA. C) rRNA. D) tRNA. E) the “Left Behind” novels.
______ A base, a sugar and a phosphate are the primary components of a/an: A) amino acid. B) nucleotide. C) saccharide. D) triglyceride.
______ The symbol for medicine is a staff with 1-2 snakes around it. It is called the: A) Aescalpius. B) Panacea. C) Caduceus. D) Apollowhopper. E) medical staff.
______ A fever is best described as a/an: A) positive feedback cycle. B) negative feedback cycle. C) control center malfunction. D) altered set point. E) receptor malfunction.
_______Coffee has a pH of 5 and blood has a pH of 7. Therefore, the concentration of hydrogen ions in coffee is _____ than blood. A) 100 times less B) 20 times more C) 100 times more D) 20 times less. E) 2 times more if it is from Starbucks.
________Most enzyme names have the suffix: A) -ise. B) -ase. C) -ose. D) -in E) –shizzle
________ Lactose, or milk sugar, is an example of a: A) dipeptide.
B) polysaccharide. C) diglyceride. D) disaccharide. E) monosaccharide.
______ Prostaglandins are a type of: A) protein. B) lipid. C) enzyme. D) nucleic acid E) carbohydrate.
________ Which plane of section could go through both ears? A) transverse. B) parasagittal. C) midsagittal. D) frontal. E) A & D.
_______The alpha helix and beta pleated sheet are examples of which level of protein organization? A) primary. B) secondary. C) tertiary. D) quaternary. E) penternary.
_______Water molecules interact with each other by ______ bonds: A) ionic. B) hydrogen. C) covalent. D) non-polar. E) hydrophobic
_______Complementary strands of DNA are held together by: A) hydrogen bonds. B) ionic bonds. C) covalent bonds. D) savings bonds. E) sugar-phosphate bonds.
______ Blood, Bile, Black Bile, and Phlegm are the: A) four humors of Chinese medicine. B) four humors of Greek medicine. C) vital fluids first described by Galen. D) Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse. E) fluids my roommate leaves in the shower.
______ Facilitated diffusion differs from simple diffusion in that, in facilitated diffusion: A) ATP is consumed. B) molecules move against a concentration gradient. C) carrier proteins are involved. D) A & C.
______Red blood cells will shrink in a/an ________ solution: A) isotonic. B) hypertonic. C) hypotonic. D) cytotonic.. E) psychiatric
_____ A plane that separates the body into superior and inferior regions is called a ___ plane.: A) medial B) frontal C) sagittal. D) cranial E) transverse.
______ An organic molecule that is critical for the normal function of an enzyme is:
A) an active site B) a paraenzyme. C) a coenzyme. D) a cofactor. E) analloenzyme.
________The thoracic cavity and the abdominal cavity are separated by the:
A) pleural membranes. B) spinal cord. C) diaphragm. D) rib cage. E) pelvis.
______ The movement of a solute against its concentration gradient is a characteristic of:
A) osmosis. B) simple diffusion. C) active transport. D) facilitated diffusion. E) B & D.
1) _______ The “cell theory” was developed primarily in: A) the Roman era. B) the 17th century. C) the 19th century. D) the Middle Ages. E) Egypt.
2) ______ Galen is known as the Father of: A) medicine. B) the microscope.
C) modern anatomy. D) ancient anatomy. E) modern physiology.
3) ______ The symbol for medicine is a staff with 1-2 snakes around it. It is called the:
A) Aescalpius. B) Panacea. C) Caduceus. D) Apollowhopper. E) medical staff.
4)______ A fever is best described as a/an: A) positive feedback cycle. B) negative feedback cycle. C) control center malfunction. D) altered set point. E) receptor malfunction.
5)_______Coffee has a pH of 5 and blood has a pH of 7. Therefore, the concentration of hydrogen ions in coffee is _____ than blood. A) 100 times less B) 20 times more
C) 100 times more D) 20 times less. E) 2 times more if it is from Starbucks.
6) ________Most enzyme names have the suffix: A) -ise. B) -ase. C) -ose. D) -in
E) –didley.
7)________ Lactose, or milk sugar, is an example of a: A) dipeptide.
B) polysaccharide. C) diglyceride. D) disaccharide. E) monosaccharide.
8) ______Nipples of a human are anterior, but nipples of a cat are: A) dorsal.
B) caudal. C) ventral. D) posterior. E) trick question, cats don’t have nipples!
9) ______ Prostaglandins are a type of: A) protein. B) lipid. C) enzyme. D) nucleic acid
E) carbohydrate.
10) ________ Which plane of section could go through both eyes? A) transverse.
B) parasagittal. C) midsagittal. D) frontal. E) A & D.
11) _______The alpha helix and beta pleated sheet are examples of which level of protein organization? A) primary. B) secondary. C) tertiary. D) quaternary. E) awesome.
12) _______Water molecules interact with each other by ______ bonds: A) ionic.
B) hydrogen. C) covalent bonds. D) non-polar bonds. E) hydrophobic
13) _______Complementary strands of DNA are held together by: A) hydrogen bonds.
B) ionic bonds. C) covalent bonds. D) savings bonds. E) sugar-phosphate bonds.
14) ______ Approximately 95% of the energy needed to keep a cell alive is
generated by the activity of the: A) mitochondria. B) ribosomes.
C) nucleus. D) endoplasmic reticulum. E) tiny cans of Red Bull.
15) ______ Facilitated diffusion differs from simple diffusion in that, in the
former (FacDif): A) ATP is consumed. B) molecules move against a
concentration gradient. C) carrier proteins are involved. D) A & C.
16) _______ A white blood cell engulfing a bacterium is an example of: A) pinocytosis.
B) osmosis. C) exocytosis. D) phagocytosis. E) receptor mediated endocytosis.
17) ______Red blood cells will shrink in a/an: A) isotonic solution.
B) hypertonic solution. C) hypotonic solution. D) cytotonic solution.
18) _____The production of mRNA using DNA as a template is called:
A) translation. B) transcription. C) replication. D) transduction.
19) ______ During protein synthesis, amino acids are carried to ribosomes by:
A) mRNA. B) tRNA. C) rRNA. D) aaRNA. E) cRNA.
20) ______The organelle that contains many digestive enzymes is the: A) ribosome
B) mitochondria. C) lysosome. D) nucleolus. E) Golgi body.
21) ______Smooth endoplasmic reticulum: A) is the site of ATP synthesis.
B) synthesizes proteins. C) is involved in lipid metabolism D) A & B. E) B & C.
22) _____ Rough endoplasmic reticulum: A) is the site of ATP synthesis.
B) synthesizes proteins. C) is involved in lipid metabolism D) A & B. E) B & C.
23) ______The nucleolus is the site of: A) tRNA synthesis. B) protein storage.
C) all the cell’s genes. D) chromosome replication. E) rRNA synthesis.
24) ______ Initiation, elongation and termination are phases of: A) DNA replication.
B) transcription. C) mitosis. D) translation. E) every episode of Elimidate.
25) ______ When a membrane-bound vesicle in the cytoplasm fuses with the cell membrane and releases its contents to the outside, this is called: A) diffusion.
B) phagocytosis. C) endocytosis. D) exocytosis. E) pinocytosis.
26) _____ Glucose commonly enters cells by: A) co-transport with sodium B) simple diffusion. C) facilitated diffusion. D) A & B. E) A & C.
27) ______ The movement of a solute against its concentration gradient is a characteristic of:
A) osmosis. B) simple diffusion. C) active transport. D) facilitated diffusion. E) B & D.
28) ______ An anticodon would be found in: A) cRNA. B) mRNA. C) rRNA.
D) tRNA. E) the “Left Behind” novels.
29) ______ Blood, Bile, Black Bile, and Phlegm are the: A) four humors of Chinese medicine. B) four humors of Greek medicine. C) vital fluids first described by Galen. D) Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse. E) WWF wrestlers.
30) ______ A base, a sugar and a phosphate are the primary components of a/an:
A) amino acid. B) nucleotide. C) saccharide. D) triglyceride. E) double-play combination of the Anaheim Angels.
What is a partition coefficient? What is the relationship between a substance’s partition coefficient and its membrane permeability? Who did the early studies that demonstrated the relationship between membrane permeability and the partition coefficient?

What are two key differences between hexokinase and glucokinase?If a red blood cell has an internal osmolarity of 300 mOsm
A) What is molarity of an iso-osmotic NaCl solution? What would be the molarity of an iso-osmotic CaCl2?
Note: ??= 0.93 for NaCl and 0.86 for CaC

Outline how gut endothelial cells transport glucose from the gut lumen to the blood. Include all relevant transport mechanisms and the concentration gradients involved (is glucose going up or down its concentration gradient?

What was Gorter and Grendel’s contribution to our understanding of membrane structure? Outline their experiment that led to their model of membrane
What is the difference between a cofactor and a coenzyme? How are they similar?

Myoglobin (pictured below) is globular, oxygen-binding protein found in muscle and was the first protein whose structure was determined by x-ray crystallography. What level of protein organization does it represent? Label the levels of protein organization that can be seen in its structure.
Give a brief description of one positive feedback cycle ?
What are (the) 4:
1. a) Key functions of cell membranes?
2. b) Types of receptors used in cell-signaling
3. c) Factors that influence enzyme reaction rate.
4. d) Functional classes of proteins. (Note: Not primary, secondary, etc)
5. e) Factors that influence the rate of diffusion of a molecule across a membrane.

Outline the feedback mechanism that regulates blood glucose homeostasis. (Don’t include the intracellular components.)
Give an example of a hydrolysis reaction discussed in class. What happens to the water molecule in the reaction? (4 pts)
What is the role of positive feedback in labor (childbirth)? (4 pts)
Briefly describe two key features of the Hippocratic Oath that are relevant to modern doctors. (4 pts)
The genetic code is a “triplet code.” Explain. (4 pts)
Enzymes lower the _______________ _________________ of a reaction.
A fever is an example of an altered _____________________.
Oxygen and carbon dioxide cross cell membranes by ___________ _____________.
Cystic fibrosis is caused by a defect in the ___________________ transport of __________________ ions in the cells of the lungs. The lack transport of the ions
across the lung membranes results in _____________________________ and thickened mucus..
A competitive inhibitor binds to the _________________ __________________ of an enzyme. The Km of glucose permease is 1.5 mM for glucose, but is 50 mM for galactose. This
indicates that the permease’s ___________________ for glucose is higher/lower (circle one!) than that for galactose.
One definition of ___________________ Law is: “The net diffusion rate of a solute across a membrane is proportional to the difference in the concentrations, proportional to the area of the membrane and inversely proportional to the thickness of the membrane.”
Na+/K+ ATPase belongs to the ______- class of ATPases, which means that

V-class ATPases carry out the ________________ transport of _______________ across membranes.
LDL and growth factors typically enter cells using _____________________________ .
The rate of passive transport is dependent upon the ____________________ of the solute and
_________________________.
A(n) ____________________________ is a collection of organs that work together to perform a major body function.
The sodium-potassium pump carries out the _______________________ transport of
_______(#) sodium ions into/out of (circle 1) the cell and __________(#) potassium ions into/out of (circle 1) the cell.
1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids = ____________________________________
The three phases of protein translation are ________________________________________
_________________________________________.
A sensor (receptor), ______________ _________________, and _______________________ are the key components of any feedback system.
The ______________ _______________ of an enzyme is where the substrate binds.
Osmosis is the movement of _______________ across a/an _____________________
membrane from an area of _______________ ________________concentration to an area
of _________________ ________________ concentration.
CH2O is the general formula for a/an ________________________________.
Amino acids are linked together via covalent bonds called ______________________ bonds.
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles are transported into cells by ___________________
________________________ ________________________.
In “Anatomical Position” the legs and feet are ____________________________, the arms are
_________________________ and the palms are_____________________________________
Intermediate filaments, __________________________ and __________________________ are the key structures that make up the cytoskeleton.
The opposite of “ipsilateral” is ____________________________________.
The ability to maintain a stable internal environment even though the external environment changes is called ______________________________.
Globular and fibrous are classes of ____________________________.
Enzymes are organic catalysts that _______________________ the _________________ ________________________ (or energy barrier) of a reaction.
Physiology is the study of _________________________.
An organic catalyst of a reaction usually is a(n) ______________________.
A(n) ____________________________ is a collection of organs that work together to perform a major body function.
The ___________________________ separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.
“K” is the chemical symbol for _______________________________.
The sodium-potassium pump carries out the _______________________ transport of
_______(#) sodium ions into/out of (circle 1) the cell and __________(#) potassium ions into/out of (circle 1) the cell.
1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids = ____________________________________
The ______________ _______________ of an enzyme is where the substrate binds.
Osmosis is the movement of _______________ across a/an _____________________
membrane from an area of ____________ _____________concentration to an area
of _________________ ________________ concentration.
A chromosome is the condensed form of _________________________.
Carbon dioxide gets through the cell membrane by ____________ ______________.
The folds of the inner membrane of mitochondria are called _______________.
In prophase, the ___________________ and ______________________ disappear and
_________________ migrate to opposite poles of the cell. These structures reform
during _______________________
CH2O is the general formula for a/an ________________________________.
Amino acids are linked together via covalent bonds called ______________________ bonds.
______________________ is the non-selective uptake of material, like water, from the extracellular environment.