Instructions: In answering the questions, make sure your answers are responsive, clear, and concise!  Late answer post will not be accepted. Answer all questions

NO OUTSIDE SOURCES AT ALL. Must be on time. Need in 24 hours

No excuses, no exceptions! No grammatical errors complete sentences.

You may use the slides attached to help answer the questions.

Question #1:

Management and budgeting are often called the opposite sides of the same coin. What does that mean? Discuss how the federal budget formats of line-item budgeting is related to the management approach Theory X and zero-base budgeting is related to the management approach M.B.O. Which combination of budgetary/management approach is better-suited to dealing with a severe budgetary shortfall in an organization, why?   (40 pts.)

Question #2:

Intergovernmental relations (IGR) are a critical part of local government functions. During the 19th. Century, the term “layer cake” was used to describe intergovernmental relations in the U.S. What term describes IGR into the 20th century? Define both terms and  discuss how that new term evolved during the 20th. Century. How does IGR affect local government administration today.  (30 pts.)

Question #3:

Define each of the following concepts. Be sure to include the relevance of the concept to public policy or administration. ( 5 pts. each, 30 pts. total)

1. Constituent policy
2. Impasse resolution
3. Dillon’s Rule

4. “Fund budgeting”

1. Matrix organization

6. Sticky Floor

: public policy and administrationStatement of Interest

The Egyptian revolution on January 25th 2011 against a corrupt and coercive regime was a turning point in my life. My participation in the revolution shaped my interest in politics and public work from there on. I discovered that my real passion was to help others and be able to make a real change. Being actively involved in advocacy, round table discussions and workshops on political and public issues in Egypt post the revolution, my interest in public policy and desire to play an active role in it never diminished since then. I voiced the need for major policy reforms in several areas such as political and labor rights, transitional justice, and in the energy sector to overcome the current energy crisis in Egypt. I found that pushing for policy reforms in the legislative and administrative processes was an integral role and it turned out to be the most valuable and worthwhile experience I have had in my career to date.
Moving to Canada, I became a witness to the model public system and policies in place. This was a sharp contrast to the lacking and poor public services in Egypt, which I believe were caused by misappropriation of funds and the absence of sound public policies rather than limited resources. This fuelled my interest in public policy even more and reinforced the important relationship between sound public policies and the quality of life that a state provides for its people.
With that frame of mind, I wish to cement my understanding and interest in public work with a degree in public policy in order to be more competent and capable of making an impact in public life. Although my earlier professional career was business focused, I am now intent on pursuing an academic career in the public policy and administration field. Iseek to work with non-governmental organizations concerned with public issues, while continuing to be actively involved in public initiatives in Canada and Egypt. Lobbying for policy change and reforms that improve people’s lives, I need to learn how legal, social and economic forces interplay in the making of public policy and its implementation. I am interested in studying best practices in public policy and administration in place in Canada and contrast them with the Egyptian case.
My research will be based on a comparative study between public healthcare provided in Egypt and Canada. It will seek to document the clear gap between the quality of public healthcare in both countries through academic research. This will be established by contrasting indicators in public healthcare service delivery from both qualitative and quantitative aspects. The proposed indicators are: the pattern of government spending in public healthcare, staff and practitioners’ development, accessibility of services and the organizational and administrative structure of this sector. Given the differences in the political, social and administrative systems in both countries, my research will need to acknowledge the political and socioeconomic perspectives of public health care in Egypt, while focusing on the administrative policy challenges and failures. It will use the model of the Canadian public health care to evaluate and propose how the Egyptian public healthcare policy needs to be reformed to meet the challenges and the growing needs of the majority poor and vulnerable population.
My hypothesis would be that significant improvement of the quality of public healthcare is possible through change in the organizational factors with the current level of budget allocation for this sector. The research would seek to establish that reform of Egypt’s public healthcare is dependent on organizational challenges and public policies adopted by the government, and that the inefficiencies within the system will always underscore any further government expenditure in this sector. It would pursue to demonstratethat any additional budgetary allocation for public healthcare would yield insignificant results if reforms in the organizational and administrative components are not addressed. Wherever possible, measurable improvements resulting from increased organizational efficiency will be quantified. The research would document the deterioration of public healthcare in spite of the expansion of facilities and the provision of increased subsidies in this field. Following my admission to the PhD program, I will re-examine and refine my comparative approach, after having acquired a better understanding of different methodological approaches,to address the challenges of public healthcare in Egypt.
The objective of the research is to come up with recommendations for thereform of public healthcaresystem in Egypt,focusing on the organizational and policy factors through drawing on the Canadian model. The research would develop a plan to implement a course of action for organizational reform, taking into account relevant evidence, legislation andpolicies to address the investigated public healthcare issues in Egypt.

Due to lack of transparency and restricted access to information in Egypt, my research will provide a useful analysis based on academic research methods. It would be useful on an academic level as it would provide a comparative research between a developed country and an underdeveloped one wheresources of academic literature on specific public services are limited and reliable data is not sufficient. Hence, it would be a contribution tothe literature in that area thatother research and scholars in the field can build on. On a practical level, it would offer insights and recommendations for policy makers and practitioners in Egypt to study and consider for a much needed policy reform in its ailing health care sector.
I am keen on conducting my study and research at Ryerson University’s Yeates School of Graduate Studies, as I find its interdisciplinary PhD program ideal for my research for several reasons. Its program stands out because of its interdisciplinary approach which combines the study of public policy and administration, immigration settlement and diaspora policies and social policy. I believe this is very beneficial because the three areas are interconnected and their study is vital in shaping my understanding of the interplay that underpins policy formulation and government services provided to society. The program’s course requirements would also provide me withstrong preparation for conducting my research through the courses offered on a wide range of qualitative and quantitative research methods used in public policy research and policy analysis. Thiswould provide me with a solid theoretical foundation for my research and a strong knowledge base,in addition to a diversified perspectivethrough the program’sinterdisciplinary approaches to public policy research. Itensures that my research would be a comprehensive one that does not overlook the different areas affecting public policy issues and analysis. Additionally, the program’s focus on public sector reform and governance models in Canada and the global context is very significant and useful.My choice of the Public Policy and Administration field of study is also relevant to my proposed researchtopic,as this field focuses on issues of public policy processes, its implementation and administration. Those are the areas of investigation in my researchwhich will seek to analyze the processes, implementation and delivery of the public health care policies in Canada and Egypt.
I am interested in having my research supervised by one of the following faculty members: Dr. Bryan Evans, Dr. Carolyn Johns,Dr. Janet Lum orDr. Tariq Amin-Khan,whom I have discussed my research topic with. I would also welcome the decision of the program on the assignment of a faculty member to supervise my researchaccording to their research interest and availability.
From my own research into Ryerson’s Public Policy and Administration PhD program, my keen interest in public work, and my intent to pursue an academic career in public policy and administration, I am convinced that this program is right for me.Additionally, I consider the diversity of my experience in the private sector a big assetin shaping my understanding of the markets and economy and their interplay with public policies. It also provided me with practical hands on experience in organisations’ management, structures and administrative processes. I am excited about the possibility of combining the Public Policy and Administration PhD program with my economics and business studies, along with my professional experience and my active interest in politics and practical involvement in public work.