1. Differentiate between the position concept and the rank-in-the-corps concept and identify which one is more compatible with each of the following: a closed system, security of tenure, promotability, development, long-term planning, and transferability. Explain why. 2. Elaborate on the development of public personnel management in the United States, taking care to refer to its three major stages. 3. Explain the merit principle, the Pendleton Act of 1883, and the Civil Service Reorganization Act of 1978 (only main provision of the two acts).4. Briefly explain the new understanding of leadership as an international phenomenon, taking care to indicate the four clusters of variables involved. 5. Differentiate between high LPC and low LPC leaders and analyze their performance in routine, crisis, and intermediate situations. 6. According to western research, what are some of the characteristics a leader must have if he/she is to be leader? Briefly explain. Must all these characteristics or traits be preset in all leadership situations and to the same degree? Explain. 7. Explain the areas of group life to which a leader must contribute (what the leader must do) if he/she is to survive as a leader, based on research carried out in western societies. 8. Explain fully whether leadership is learned or can be taught or both. Is there a need for training and predominantly of what type? 9. Why study public organizations in terms of decision making?Identify and compare the two models of decision making discussed in class. What are some of the deficiencies of the rationalcomprehensive and incremental models of decision making? 10. In how many ways can communication in organizations be classified?Identify and compare explain the major three. What do the terms-encode, decode and condensation mean? What are the differences between formal and informal communication? 11. Identify some of the problems found in upward, downward, and lateral communication in organizations. Of these types of communication, which remain most problematic in sense that its problems cannot be readily overcome? Explain. 12. In which type of groupings-horizontal, hierarchical, or participative (round)-is communication superior in promoting high morale and productivity in the long run and why?In the short run and why? 13. What are some differences between planning in the private and public sectors (think in terms of goals, pluralism, representativeness, etc.)? Where is planning more difficult and complex, in the public or private sector, and why? 14. Briefly explain the criteria or efficiency, effectiveness and program worthiness used in evaluating options in the process of planning. Differentiate between strategic and tactical planning. Are both necessary in the public sector? 15. Explain some of the forecasting planning techniques (E.g. Delphi Technique, etc.) and some of the planning methods. (E.g. PERT). 16. Be familiar with major terms discussed in class and appearing or not appearing in text. Be familiar with case studies discussed in class.