Questions:1. Discuss five ways in which linguistic topographic knowledge systems of small languages that Harrison talks about differ from large global languages and modern maps.

2. What do place-names and na(t)ive maps reveal about the “mental life” of Tofa and Tuvan people?

3. What is the role of Tuvan stories, myths, songs, and prayers in establishing the relationship between the features of the natural landscape and their culture/way of life?

4. After learning that the Tofa local guide, hired by Harrison on his route across Siberian landscape, got lost in the forest, an older member of the Tofa community, “Aunt Marta” commented, “Our young people don’t know their own forests nowadays.” Explain the significance of this statement. Why does Harrison believe that linguistic topographic knowledge systems are more “ephemeral” than the knowledge systems embedded in modern maps?

5. Why do Tuvan people have a rich repertoire of words that describe animal sounds, water sound and echoes? How does talking about sounds relate to Harrison’s discussion of maps in this chapter?

Linguistics

Some East coast dialects have additional diphthongs in inventory, like [?j].
Based on the data below, argue if [?j] and [aj] are contrastive or in complementary distribution and why you think so. If the two sounds are contrastive, provide evidence why you think so. If the two sounds are in complementary distribution, (a) specify the distribution of allophones in a formal phonological rule and (b) be clear about what the underlying phoneme is and why you think so. Please show your work to assure at least partial credit.

Pronounced token Gloss
1. [b?jt] ‘bite’
2. [tajm] ‘time’
3. [baj] ‘buy’
4. [rajd] ’ride’
5. [najn?] ‘ninth’
6. [fajl] ‘file’
7. [wr?jt] ‘write’
8. [b?jk] ‘bike’
9.[f?jt] ‘fight’
10.[taj] ‘tie’
11.[t?jp] ‘type’
12.[r?js] ‘rice’
13.[rajz] ‘rise’
14.[fajr] ‘fire’
15.[l?jf] ‘life’
16.[bajd] ‘bide’

Linguistics

Some East coast dialects have additional diphthongs in inventory, like [?j].
Based on the data below, argue if [?j] and [aj] are contrastive or in complementary distribution and why you think so. If the two sounds are contrastive, provide evidence why you think so. If the two sounds are in complementary distribution, (a) specify the distribution of allophones in a formal phonological rule and (b) be clear about what the underlying phoneme is and why you think so. Please show your work to assure at least partial credit.

Pronounced token Gloss
1. [b?jt] ‘bite’
2. [tajm] ‘time’
3. [baj] ‘buy’
4. [rajd] ’ride’
5. [najn?] ‘ninth’
6. [fajl] ‘file’
7. [wr?jt] ‘write’
8. [b?jk] ‘bike’
9.[f?jt] ‘fight’
10.[taj] ‘tie’
11.[t?jp] ‘type’
12.[r?js] ‘rice’
13.[rajz] ‘rise’
14.[fajr] ‘fire’
15.[l?jf] ‘life’
16.[bajd] ‘bide’