Liberty University Phil201 Study Guide: Lesson 13Do We Need Justification?Lesson OverviewFrom our previous lessons we arrived at a basic understanding of what philosophers mean by knowledge and why they call for justification of beliefs. In this lesson we go further and ask, how does the structure of the mind relate to what should count as justification? And we ask, does one have an obligation to make sure that he/she has good reasons for holding whatever beliefs he/she holds? Some say that if you believe something is true and cant give a reason for believing it then you cannot reasonably claim to know that belief is true. This view is called internalism and it has a long and honored history in epistemology. In recent years, this view has been challenged by externalists who claim that there are at least some beliefs that we are reasonable to hold even though we dont, and probably cant, give a reason for holding them.TasksView and take notes on the presentation, An Overview of Issues in Contemporary Justification, Part 1. Be able to answer these questions: What is a noetic structure, in brief? What beliefs are included in ones noetic structure? What does that have to do with a continuum of beliefs? What are the two main theories of how beliefs relate within ones noetic structure? How does foundationalism describe the relations of beliefs within a noetic structure? Exactly how do strong and moderate foundationalism differ? Know the criticisms of strong foundationalism. What is the moderate foundationalist view of the basing relation, in terms of access? What is coherentisms view of the basing relation, in terms of the doxastic assumption? Know the criticisms of coherentism.View and take notes on the presentation, An Overview of Issues in Contemporary Justification, Part 2. This presentation concentrates on the other question under the topic of justification: epistemic obligations. Be able to answer these questions: What is the motivation that drives internalism? What is the motivation behind externalism? How does externalism answer the question of quality control? How does this presentation suggest bringing internalism and externalism together?Read and take notes of Chapter 7 of How Do We Know? Do We Need Justification? This reading overlaps with material introduced in the presentations, but with some further details. Make sure you understand the following points and questions: Explain what it means for a belief to be justified. Explain the distinction between a belief being justified and a belief being true. What is internal about internalism? Why is it called that? According to internalism, if a person does not have good reason for what he/she believes, does that mean the belief is not true? Does internalism claim one must be consciously aware of ones reasons in order to be justified for a belief? Explain Cliffords brand of Evidentialism. What is the problem with Cliffords version of Evidentialism? What is the problem with the statement It is wrong always, everywhere and for anyone, to believe anything upon insufficient evidence? Why has internalism been so dominant? What is external about externalism? Why is it called that? Explain why it is difficult to justify the reliability of our memories. How does an externalist handle the question of the reliability of our memories? According to reliabilism, do I need to know that my cognitive processes are functioning reliably to be warranted in holding a belief? What is the major criticism internalism raises against externalism? What is the major criticism externalism raises against internalism? What is Plantingas modest foundationalists/externalist warrant for believing in God? Compare the internalist and externalist justification for belief in God. Explain the balanced approach to resolving the conflict between externalism and internalism suggested in this reading.TermsMake sure you fully understand the following terms and concepts: Justification Internalism Epistemic Deontology Evidentialism Externalism Defeater Reliabilism Cognitive Process Reformed Epistemology Sensus Divinitas High Accessibility Requirements Abduction Concurrence Warrant Rapprochement