human genetics quiz

2) Distinguish between chromosomal, gonadal, and phenotypic stages of sex development for a male. When does each occur and what is the key feature of each?

4) Describe the genetic factors required for the development of the male internal and external sex organs. Describe the genetic factors required for the development of the female internal and external sex organs.

6) Describe three major structural changes in chromosomes that can lead to genetic abnormalities?

8) How is meiosis different in men compared to women? Be specific.

10) True or false: Telomeres play a role in aging?
true

11) If number ten is true, how so?

12) Why do males show a higher incidence of certain genetic disorders than females?

13) If a male has an X-linked recessive condition such as red-green colorblindness, is it possible for him to pass this condition on to his sons? to his daughters? Explain your answers.

14) Describe the roles of mRNA and tRNA in protein synthesis.

15) What is the role of the promoter sequence in transcription? What would be the effect if there was a mutation in the promoter so that it no longer is recognized as a promoter?
16) Explain how genes control traits. Explain how genes are involved in genetic disorders.

17) What is epigenetics? Describe two epigenetic modifications. What is the effect of epigenetic modifications on the DNA sequence?

18) Explain the difference between mutations that occur in body cells compared to mutations that occur in germ cells.
19) What are restriction enzymes, plasmids, and recombinant DNA molecules? Describe the steps involved in the production of recombinant DNA molecules.

20) DNA analysis of evidence at a crime scene matches the STR pattern of an individual in the CODIS database but the suspect says that he did not commit the crime. He claims that it must have been his twin sister. Explain why his argument is not valid.
21) DNA profiling has numerous applications. Besides its use providing evidence in criminal cases, list four other applications of this technology.

22) In PCR, primers
a. are the enzyme which carries on the reaction.
b. refer to the DNA isolated from the sample in question.
c. are short nucleotide sequences.
d. are the individual A, C, G, and T nucleotides.
e. are the copies produced by the process.

23) True or False: Analysis of mtDNA or Y chromosomes provides data that allows people to trace their ancestry

24) How have SNPs identified by the Human Genome Project been used to locate genes involved in complex genetic diseases?

25) With linkage maps,
a. distances between genes are determined by sequencing the number of nucleotides between genes.
b. the greater the number of cM between genes, the less likely crossing over will occur between them.
c. map units are equal to twice the frequency of crossing over.
d. genes which are closer together show less crossing over between them than those that are farther apart.
e. only the relative order of genes is important; the distances are not.

26) Human cells can produce many more proteins that the number of genes present in the genome. Describe two mechanisms that help to explain this difference.

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