Paper instructions: It must incorporate opposing viewpoints (views on both sides of the selected issue/topic) and develop at least three points for and against (pro and con). Your topic must be selected from the Opposing Viewpoints in Context database in the GPC library’s GALILEO database which contains many articles that you can choose from to develop your essay. (There is a link to GALILEO at the top nav bar of iCollege; no separate login for GALILEO is required. Additional instructions about how to access the Opposing Viewpoints in Context database in GALILEO are given below).Decide on your topic for essay 4. Also, using the database, Opposing Viewpoints in Context, locate at least one article for and one against the topic/issue being debated¦ How Drones Changed the Game in Pakistan Drones, 2014 Hussain Nadim is a visiting scholar at the Woodrow Wilson Center, a think tank established by an act of Congress in 1968 to memorialize the twenty-eighth US president and his goal to build a bridge between the worlds of academia and public policy, and to inform and develop solutions to the nation’s problems and challenges. Claims that drone strikes actually promote terrorism by creating more terrorists are inaccurate. In truth, people in tribal areas of nations such as Pakistan want to flush the terrorists out of their communities, and support for drone strikes is widespread in the Pakistani military. Anti-American rallies actually occur in urban centers that have had little experience with drone strikes. Moreover, the media exaggerate the number of civilians killed, when drone strikes have in fact become quite precise. Although the United States must find a political way to put an end to militant fundamentalism, drone strikes have caused psychological fear among militants and restricted their operations, thus tilting the balance of power towards US interests. Regardless of what the news agencies in Pakistan claim about the negative effects of drone strikes, the weapon is proving to be a game changer for the U.S. war on terrorism. And surprisingly, the Pakistani Army quietly admits to this fact. Just the way Stinger missiles shifted the balance of power in favor of the United States in the 1980s, drones are producing the same results. The critics of unmanned strikes, who claim that drones are contributing to growing radicalization in Pakistan, haven’t looked around enough”or they would realize that much of the radicalization already was established by the Taliban in the 1990s. The real tragedy is that it is acceptable for the Taliban to radicalize and kill, but it is considered a breach of sovereignty for the United States, in pursuit of those radicalizing Pakistan’s people, to do the same. There is so much protest over the drones because the media reports about them are biased. Although people on ground in war zones contend that the drone strikes have very few civilian casualties and, with time, have become extremely precise, the media presents quite a different story to boost its ratings. Many in Pakistan, especially in the army, understand the positive impact of this weapon. Drones are coming in handy for two reasons: their precision and psychological effect. Many analysts of this subject have been concerned only with the military aspect, such as whether or not drones are precise enough and the casualties they incur. But part of what works in favor of the United States is the psychological impact”the fear that drones have instilled in the militants. The fact that the United States might strike day or night, inside the militant compound or outside while traveling in the convoys, works to deter militants and restrict their operations. This tilts the balance of power in favor of the United States. There isn’t as much anti-Americanism as one would suspect in areas where the United States is conducting drone strikes. Most of the people in the Pakistani Army whom I interviewed on the subject were positive about the drone strikes and their direct correlation with a decrease in terrorist attacks in Pakistan. The majority focused on the psychological impact of the drones and how they have put militants on the run, forcing them to sleep under trees at night, though it must be said that army officials showed some concern about cases in which the same psychological impact is experienced by civilians. Locals I talked to are frustrated over the fear that they might get hit by a drone if the militants are hiding in their neighborhood. But this frustration may have a positive impact as it motivates civilians to flush out and close doors to militants who seek refuge in their areas. Surprisingly, there isn’t as much anti-Americanism as one would suspect in areas where the United States is conducting drone strikes, largely because the locals are fed up with the influx of militants in their areas and have suffered because of terrorism. However, urban centers, which have suffered the least from terrorism, are far more radicalized and anti-American. Hence, we see large anti-drone rallies in the cities of Punjab, where people have little first-hand experience with drones. The anti-American lot in these places will start a rally for any reason at all as long as they get to burn a few American flags. Pakistan’s army remains worried about the domestic political repercussions of drone strikes. The army has been weakened already by its rift with the civilian government, and increasing pressure from the United States likely will continue that trend. With a low approval rating, the army is nervous about dealing with the growing sentiment against drone strikes, no matter how effective they have been recently. The Pakistan People’s Party also is worried, having taken blows from the judiciary and the opposition. Recent media reports claiming a secret, backdoor deal between the Pakistan People’s Party government and the United States over the drone strikes have further delegitimized the party. These concerns about the civilian impact of drones are genuine, and the United States will have to address them. Drone operators must become more precise and accurate in their targeting and intelligence gathering. This can be done only through unconditional cooperation with Pakistan, which requires being sensitive to that country’s domestic political conditions. Pakistan and the United States also need to be careful about drone strikes possibly pushing militants deeper into Pakistani cities. Drones will be useless if security forces are unable to stop a migration of militants into urban centers. Likewise, the United States will have serious challenges gaining permission for drone strikes outside tribal areas without improvements in diplomatic relations. While drones are successful today, the United States must remember that it will be only a matter of time before militants find a way to hide from unmanned attacks. As such, drone operations ultimately must be accompanied by a political solution. The United States finds itself in a stronger bargaining position due to the use of drones, and it must make good use of this opportunity. Further Readings Books Michael Barnes and Florian Jentsch, eds.Human-Robot Interactions in Future Military Operations. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2010. Shahzad Bashir and Robert D. Crews, eds.Under the Drones: Modern Lives in the Afghanistan Pakistan Borderlands. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012. Medea BenjaminDrone Warfare: Killing by Remote Control. New York: W.W. Norton, 2013. Christopher CokerEthics and War in the 21st Century. New York: Routledge, 2009. Lydia de Beer, ed.Unmanned Aircraft Systems (Drones) and Law. Nijmegen, The Netherlands: Wolf Legal Publishers, 2011. Charles Guthrie and Michael QuinlanJust War: The Just War Tradition, Ethics in Modern Warfare. New York: Walker & Company, 2009. Armin KrishnanKiller Robots: Legality and Ethicality of Autonomous Weapons. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2009. Matt J. Martin and Charles W. SasserPredator: The Remote-Control Air War over Iraq and Afghanistan, a Pilot’s Story. Minneapolis, MN: Zenith Press, 2010. Peter W. SingerWired for War: The Robotics Revolution and Conflict in the 21st Century. New York: Penguin, 2009. Brian Glyn WilliamsPredators: The CIA’s Drone War on al Qaeda. Dulles, VA: Potomac Books, 2013. Periodicals and Internet Sources Kenneth Anderson œPredators over Pakistan, Weekly Standard, March 6, 2010. Randal C. Archibold œUS Adds Drones to Fight Smuggling, New York Times, December 8, 2009. Lolita C. Baldor œLegal Questions Raised over CIA Drone Strikes, Boston Globe, April 29, 2010. Julian E. Barnes œUS Crews Retrain for Drone Battle, Los Angeles Times, March 29, 2010. Peter Bergen and Katherine Tiedemann œThe Year of the Drone: An Analysis of US Drone Strikes in Pakistan, 2004-2010, New American Foundation, February 24, 2010. www.newamerica.net. Thomas J. Billitteri œDrone Warfare, CQ Researcher, August 6, 2010. Gail Chatfield œDomestic Drones a Threat, North County Times (San Diego), September 10, 2012. Ed Collins œDrones, Terrorists, & the Ethics of War, Ethics Newsline, July 16, 2012. www.globalethics.org. Adam Entous œSpecial Report: How the White House Learned to Love the Drone, Reuters, May 18, 2010. www.reuters.com. C. Christine Fair œDrone Wars, Foreign Policy, May 28, 2010. Peter Finn œUS Urged to Stop CIA Drone Hits in Pakistan, Washington Post, June 3, 2010. Siobhan Gorman, Yochi J. Dreazen, and August Cole œInsurgents Hack US Drones, Wall Street Journal, December 17, 2009. Shane Harris œAre Drone Strikes Murder?, National Journal, January 9, 2010. Greg Jaffe œDrone Pilots Rise on Wings of Change in Air Force, Washington Post, February 28, 2010. James Joyner œAmerica’s Scandalous Drone War Goes Unmentioned in the Campaign, New Republic, September 26, 2012. John Kaag and Sarah Kreps œThe Moral Hazard of Drones, New York Times, July 22, 2012. Charles G. Kels œDrones Kill Transnational Terrorists, Washington Times, July 31, 2012. Sarah Kreps and John Kaag œThe Use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Contemporary Conflicts: A Legal and Ethical Analysis, Polity, 2012. Gregory M. Lamb œNew Role for Robot Warriors, Christian Science Monitor, February 17, 2010. Michael W. Lewis œDrones and the Boundaries of the Battlefield, Texas International Law Journal, Spring 2012. Rich Lowry œThe Great Drone Panic, National Review, July 6, 2012. Jane Mayer œThe Predator War, New Yorker, October 26, 2009. Rand Paul œDon’t Let Drones Invade Our Privacy, CNN.com, June 15, 2012. www.cnn.com. Sheldon Richman œAmerica’s Drone Terrorism, New American, October 19, 2012. Eugene Robinson œThe Emerging ˜Drone’ Culture, Miami Herald, August 6, 2012. Charlie Savage œUN Report Highly Critical of US Drone Attacks, New York Times, June 2, 2010. Scott Shane œThe Moral Case for Drones, New York Times, July 14, 2012. John Villasenor œWill Drones Outflank the Fourth Amendment?, Forbes, September 20, 2012. www.forbes.com. Source Citation How Drones Changed the Game in Pakistan. œHow Drones Changed the Game in Pakistan. The National Interest (3 Aug. 2012). Rpt. in Drones. Ed. Louise Gerdes. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2014. At Issue. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 10 July 2014. Document URL Gale Document Number: GALE|EJ3010888205 zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz zzzzzzz Aerial Drones Serve as Weapons of War Weapons of War, 2012 Dan Murphy is a correspondent for The Christian Science Monitor. Drones are remote-controlled unmanned aerial vehicles. Some drones are as small as five pounds; others are significantly larger. Small drones can be used for intelligence gathering, while larger drones can carry lethal missiles. The drones save soldiers’ lives by doing dangerous work. Also, the drones have been highly successful in targeting and killing al Qaeda leaders. Although they are effective, drones sometimes present strategic problems, as their use can cause a backlash of civilian anger when civilian deaths result. One fear is that their use in Pakistan may undermine US-Pakistan cooperation in anti-terrorism efforts. What is a drone? Drones, or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), are remote-controlled aircraft that usually carry cameras to gather intelligence and sometimes missiles to kill. They range in size from the five-pound Raven, which is launched by an infantryman the way a child throws a paper airplane and costs $25,000 (though a full œsystem consisting of three of the planes, a ground control station, and imaging equipment goes for $250,000), to the Reaper, which has a wingspan of 66 feet and is equipped with Hellfire missiles and 500-pound bombs and has a price tag of $17 million. Though the Navy flew unmanned planes during World War II, the technology didn’t catch on until the 2002 invasion of Afghanistan. Then, the US only had a handful of them. Today, there are 7,000 of them in the US arsenal. Drones Save Soldiers They’re particularly useful in theaters like Afghanistan and the tribal areas of Pakistan, where rough terrain and hostile locals make on-the-ground intelligence gathering even tougher than normal. The key to their success is the cameras they carry”and the images they transmit instantly to infantry commanders. Drones’ great advantage is that they keep pilots and soldiers out of harm’s way. Most drones spend their days looking for improvised explosive devices along roads, flying over villages that troops may be planning to pass through, or watching houses thought to be used by militants. Most famous are the Predators and Reapers”the missile-wielding planes that have been used to attack militants in Afghanistan and Pakistan and whose pilots are often a world away, on bases in Arizona and Nevada. Drones’ great advantage is that they keep pilots and soldiers out of harm’s way. They are also much cheaper to fly than conventional planes. œUnmanned systems are used for jobs that meet one of the three D’s: dull, dirty, or dangerous, says Peter Singer, a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution in Washington [DC] and author of œWired for War, which considers the ethical and strategic implications of the burgeoning use of UAVs and other military robots. œThe most important ˜D’ in my mind is ˜dangerous,’ he continues. œAs a commander of one of these units told me, he likes them because he doesn’t have to worry about writing a letter to someone’s mother. The drones are credited with killing high-value targets in Pakistan’s tribal areas. Drones Are Effective The lethal UAVS work as advertised. œBy one count, 11 out of the top 20 [al-Qaeda] leaders we have killed by robotics, not by boots on the ground, Mr. Singer says. The drones are credited with killing high-value targets in Pakistan’s tribal areas, an effective no-go area for the US military. In January [2009], for example, a drone killed Osama al-Kini, thought to be the architect of a 2007 attack on the Marriott Hotel in Islamabad that killed 54 people. In a sign of growing US support for drones, all branches of the military”as well as the CIA [Central Intelligence Agency]”are adopting the technology. The military spent $880 million buying such planes in 2007 and is now spending $2 billion a year on them. In a speech at the Air War College in Alabama last month [April 2009], Defense Secretary Robert Gates said there had been a 48 percent increase in UAV patrols in combat zones in the past year, to 34 a day. Since last August [2009] the US has carried out about 40 unmanned airstrikes in Pakistan. Drones Create Civilian Backlash Some analysts worry that, despite the drones’ tactical benefits, their heavy use could damage America’s strategic goals. David Kilcullen, one of the most influential advisers in US counterinsurgency strategy in the past few years, thinks drone strikes in Pakistan do more harm than good because of the backlash they create, especially when civilians are killed. œUnilateral strikes against targets inside Pakistan, whatever other purpose they might serve, have an unarguably and entirely negative effect on Pakistani stability, he wrote in the Small Wars Journal earlier this year. œThey increase the number and radicalism of Pakistanis who support extremism, and thus undermine the key strategic program of building a willing and capable partner in Pakistan, he continued. The drone attacks appear to have galvanized the Taliban in Pakistan: In April their leader, Baitullah Mehsud, threatened as many as two terrorist attacks a week as long as the airstrikes continued. Singer also points out that, while the US may hope that technological superiority will inspire fear or at least respect from enemies, to many tribal Afghans and Pakistanis the use of such weapons is seen as dishonorable because the soldiers deploying them aren’t taking any risks themselves. Drones May Undermine Pakistan’s Government The drone attacks are a clear source of public anger inside Pakistan. Leaders in Islamabad have repeatedly, even angrily, demanded that the US halt drone attacks in their country. But US officials privately say they cooperate closely in choosing targets for strikes with the Pakistani military, and that the US has tacit approval for most of its drone operations inside Pakistan’s tribal areas. Still, the airstrikes undermine the Pakistani government by setting it against the populace, which largely opposes the attacks on fellow Pakistanis. Further Readings Books William H. Boothby Weapons and the Law of Armed Conflict. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009. Richard A. Clarke and Robert K. Knake Cyber War: The Next Threat to National Security and What to Do About It. New York: Ecco, 2010. Anne L. Clunan and Peter R. Lavoy Terrorism, War or Disease? Unraveling the Use of Biological Weapons. Stanford, CA: Stanford Security Studies, 2008. Matt Doeden Weapons of the Modern Day. Mankato, MN: Capstone Press, 2008. H. Bruce Franklin War Stars: The Superweapon and the American Imagination. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 2008. Gregory D. Koblentz Living Weapons: Biological Warfare and International Security. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2009. Jeffrey Alan Lockwood Six-Legged Soldiers: Using Insects as Weapons of War. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009. Richard Rhodes Arsenals of Folly: The Making of the Nuclear Arms Race. New York: Knopf, 2007. Richard Rhodes The Twilight of the Bombs: Recent Challenges, New Dangers, and the Prospects for a World Without Nuclear Weapons. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2010. Andrew Jon Rotter Hiroshima: The World’s Bomb. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008. Jonathan Schell The Seventh Decade: The New Shape of Nuclear Danger. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2007. P.W. Singer Wired for War: The Robotics Revolution and Conflict in the Twenty-First Century. New York: Penguin, 2009. Periodical and Internet Sources Richard Clarke œThe War from Cyberspace, The National Interest, vol. 104, November-December 2009, pp. 31-36. Tom Daschle and Tom Inglesby œForeword: Necessary Progress in Biosecurity, Harvard Law and Policy Review, vol. 4, no. 2, Summer 2010, pp. 263-270. The Economist œThe Militarisation of Space: Disharmony in the Spheres, vol. 386, no. 8563, January 17, 2008, p. 26. Sandra I. Erwin œAir Force: To Save Fuel, We Must Change How We Fly, National Defense, vol. 95, no. 680, July 2010, pp. 16-17. Jean V. Grace œResearch Challenge: How to Defend Against Still-Undefined Chemical, Biological Attacks, National Defense, vol. 94, no. 679, June 2010, pp. 38-39. Paul K. Kerr œNuclear Biological, and Chemical Weapons and Missiles: Status and Trends, CRS Report for Congress, Congressional Research Service, February 20, 2008. www.fas.org/sgp/crs/nuke/RL30699.pdf. Patrick Leahy œThe Way Forward on Anti-Personnel Landmines, May 18, 2010. leahy.senate.gov/press/press_releases/release/?id=fa683dd6-7e22-4fa4-b4e6-565abb715cd4. Miguel Marin-Bosch œA Nuclear-Weapons Free-World: Is It Achievable?, UN Chronicle, vol. 46, no. 1-2, March-June 2009, pp. 36-40. Brian Mockenhaupt œWe’ve Seen the Future, and It’s Unmanned, Esquire, vol. 152, no. 5, November 2009, pp. 130-138. Sam Nunn œTaking Steps Toward a World Free of Nuclear Weapons, Daedalus, Fall 2009, pp. 153-156. Michael O’Hanlon œIs a World Without Nuclear Weapons Really Possible? The Chronicle of Higher Education, vol. 56, no. 34, May 2, 2010. Stamatios A. Papadakis et al. œAnti-Personnel Landmine Injuries During Peace: Experience in a European Country, July-August 2006, pp. 237-240. Joe Papparlardo œThe Future for UAVs in the US Air Force, Popular Mechanics, February 26, 2010. www.popularmechanics.com/technology/aviation/military/4347306. Gerard Powers œThe Nuclear Ethics Gap: Finding Our Way on the Road to Disarmament, America, vol. 202, no. 16, May 17, 2010, pp. 10-14. Laura Sanders œSafety in Numbers, Science News, vol. 178, no. 2, July 17, 2010, pp. 18-21. Chris Schneidmiller œUS Eliminates 80 Percent of Chemical Weapons Arsenal, Global Security Newswire, October 5, 2010. www.globalsecuritynewswire.org/gsn/nw_20101005_5357.php. The Scotsman œLeader: New Weapons Needed to Combat New Dangers, October 19, 2010. Craig Whitlock œUS Looks to Non-Nuclear Weapons to Use as Deterrent, The Washington Post, April 8, 2010. Robert Wilkie œHybrid Warfare: Something Old, Not Something New, Air and Space Power Journal, Winter 2009, pp. 13-17. Col. Yao Yunzhu œChina’s Perspective on Nuclear Deterrence, Air and Space Power Journal, Spring 2010, pp. 27-30. Full Text: COPYRIGHT 2012 Greenhaven Press, a part of Gale, Cengage Learning. Source Citation Murphy, Dan. œAerial Drones Serve as Weapons of War. Weapons of War. Ed. Diane Andrews Henningfeld. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2012. At Issue. Rpt. from œBriefing: Aerial Drones as Weapons of War. Christian Science Monitor (22 May 2009). Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 10 July 2014. Document URL Gale Document Number: GALE|EJ3010778214