I Answers the following questions about Bryophytes: Use your class notes and your lab
manual (Experiment 30) to answer the following questions:

1. List five characteristics of Gymnosperms.

2. How are pine leaves different from those of broad-leaved trees such as maples and oaks?

3. How do the structural features of pine leaves adapt the tree for life in dry environments?

4. What is the probable function of the wings of a pine pollen grain?

5. On which surface of the scale are the seeds located?

6. How large is a staminate cone (male) compared to a newly pollinated ovulate cone (female)?

7. Where are spores located?

8. What is the male gametophyte?

9. What is the female gametophyte?

10. What is an ovule?

11. What is an integument?

12. What is the function of the winglike extensions of a pine seed?

13. What evolutionary advantage might arise from not needing free water for fertilization?

II Answers the following questions about Angiosperms: Use your class notes and your lab
manual (Experiment 31) to answer the following questions:

1. List five characteristics of Angiosperms.

2. Describe the reproductive structures of angiosperms.

3. Describe microsporogenesis and microgametogenesis.

4. Describe megasporogenesis and megagametogenesis.

5. Explain double-fertilization in angiosperms.

6. How is the way pollen grains get dispersed in angiosperms?

7. Why is it advantageous for the seeds to be enclosed in a fruit?

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