I HAVE A comprehensive exam in public policy and administration, I would not know exactly what questions coming up on the exam but I will send u the power point classes which includes five courses and the discussion questions from the five courses. What u have to do is read the courses questions and fox Mir on the case study ( flint and how it is related with each course question. Make a simple and general assignment about each course to fits with any questions would come on the exam. Be professional but one the same way easy words and general information about the case study from the power point and the sources 

use easy word ,general answer to avoid any other urgent question from her the case study about Flint Michigan. 

each Question 2 pages use 10 reference  next each sentence from what i attached only, use also cooper model you will find it in poerpoient that i attaced and use it as reference(copper, 2017). teacher use turn in no  or same student work.

need definittion for each in the beginning of the essa next that use reference from wher you get the definittion.

use this important point for  each essay:

Research Methods

• –  Quantitative: measured in numbersQualitative: measured as a category or nonnumeric unit.

• –  Reliability: arriving at the same results – or at least very similar results – every time I re-conduct the studyValidity: likely to happen and have not just appeared by chance

• –  Likert scale measure: survey question that seek answers on a point scale

• –  Dependent variable: depends on the influence of the independent variable Independent variable: responsible for causing the changes in the outcome

  Control variable: variables that are not under study but might affect the

  dependent variable

• –  Classis Research Design

  has pretest and posttest control groups, simple, straight forward, groups

  are randomly selected.

• –  Sampling designs:

  1 Simple Random Sampling – randomly chosen and each member has exactly an equal probability of being selected for the sample.2 Cluster Sampling – the population is divided into groups, then a random sample of the clusters in selected.

• –  Inductive Approach: no hypothesis

• –  Deductive Approach: hypothesis needs to be proves

Ethics

• –  Ethics: a set of normative standards that determines what is fair, right,

  wrong, and just.

• –  Unethical behavior is morally unaccepted but does not break any law

  Illegal behavior is against the law and is punishable

• –  Subjective & Objective ResponsibilitySubjective = internal code, personal values, expression of MY beliefs. Objective = expectations imposed from the outside: responsible to superiors, country and citizens. Like Human Rights.

• –  External and Internal controlsExternal controls involve things such as ethical legislation, laws and codes of conduct. An example is a law outlawing stealing money.Internal controls involve morals, professional standards and ethics (individual values, principals, standards, morals). An example is a personal belief that stealing money is bad.

• –  Ethical theoriesCoopers model: (The Decision Making Model)Cooper’s decision-making model provides a technique to move from defining a problem to designing a course of action to resolve the issue.1 Describing the situation -2 Defining the ethical issue -3 Options and courses of Action -4 Projecting out probable consequences –5 Which option will I choose -6 Resolution –

Law

– Formal rulemakingLike a trial, presentation of evidence, adversarial proceedings, testimony and cross-examination, recommended rule by hearing officer, opportunity for appeal, final rule published in Federal Register.

Informal rulemaking – less regulated form of regulation because it provides flexibility, policy criteria, rationality, participation, efficiency and enforceability.1- The agency should provide notice of the proposed rulemaking in the federal register for the public to see.

2- Give the public the opportunity to comment on the proposed rule to share their concerns or questions about the rule.3- The agency should issue the final rule (final publication) with indicating that the rule will not take effect until the waiting period of minimum 30 days after the publication in the federal register.

APA (Administrative Procedure Act) 1946 – Congress became concerned with growth in governmental policy and created APA.• Promotes rationality & lawfulness in agency decision-making• Governs the way agencies propose and establish regulations

• Considered the “bill of rights” for citizens whose actions are regulated by agencies. • Defines the scope of judicial review.

Implementation

– Moore’s strategic triangle and its elementsIt is a great tool to be used by the public managers when thinking of coming up with new policies that matters to the public, failure to meet the three elements of the strategic triangle will make the success of the policy very difficult and maybe impossible.Example to apply the strategic triangle: SAFER AIR Act of 2010Sen. Robert Bennett proposed and wrote this Act that involves the Department of Homeland Security (HSD) to ensure advanced imaging devices installed at the airports and metro stations to scan passengers before they get to the airplane or the train and to inspect them for any possible chance to carry explosive weapons. So the main goal is the security and safety of the public.

1. 1-  The first element of the strategic triangle is the Public Value, looking to the reason and proposes of this act we will find it is really concerned about the public safety, but on the other hand people did not like such advanced technology that could provide very clear image for the human body naked. This is considered to be violation to the privacy right even though the goal behind is to save people lives. This led to a conflict between two public values. This Act died at the end and was sent back for committee.

2. 2-  The Authorizing Environment. SAFER AIR Act didn’t have a good political support and that is another reason for it to die at an early stage as the Congress sent it back for a committee with a list of comments saying No.

3. 3-  The Operational Capability or Sustainability, from what I have seen from this Act I think it is doable but it will cost a lot of money to come up advanced devices and technology that could do what it should do to scan the passengers and also at the same time ensure high level of privacy and ensure the images taken by these devices are not transferred or accessed by anyone other than the person operating the scanning device.

Public Theory

Wilson• Administration is strictly outside of the territory of politics• Elected officials make public policy and administrators carry out this policy.

Max Weber (Principles of Bureaucracy)• Control is from top to bottom – hierarchy and clear chain of command, no authority is given without referring to the top.• Based on a set of rules and regulations coming from public law, they are the final word.• Assigning accountability is clear, if someone makes an error it would be clear who made the mistake to hold him or her accountable.• Public administrators cannot have an opinion or take a stand. Their role is to only execute the orders passed down from authorities.• Expertise are seeked to fill positions available.• Focus is on management and procedures, not efficiency or outcome.• Impersonal and removed from public (think of DMV)

New Public Management

• –  A reaction to bureaucracy, more flexible and adaptable to new

  complicated social situations like instant communication and

  information.

• –  Customer driven, more like a private business.

• –  Depends on the outputs and performance of an organization.

• –  Managers are accountable and responsible for their decisions so they

  must be flexible to react to situations.

• –  The public’s participation is allowed and appreciated in the decision

  making process.

  1-Ethics Question  :    You are employed by the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality. Your job is to make sure the water in the state of Michigan is safe to drink for the citizens. Recently the people in the city of Flint have been complaining of poor water. They claim that their water smells like sulfur and chlorine and that in many cases the water from the tap is the color of rust. It also is being suggested that the water is causing health problems. A little research has yielded up the fact that the city managers switched the water source from Lake Huron to water from the river that runs through town. This decision was not your decision to make but now you must decide on a course of action. Others in your department have chosen to not require the Flint water plant to utilize up-to-date corrosion control, but they have told the Environmental Protection Agency that they were doing so.  They claim the town is so small it will not matter at all.  Other employees have taken a few samples of water to check it but you are afraid some of the water samples that tested high for lead have been thrown out, but you cannot prove this.  What steps should you take immediately and why?

  2-Public Administration Theory  :take it general answer; Max Weber defined bureaucracy by six characteristics. Evaluate the bureaucratic environment in Flint from the point of view of Weber.Discuss the following:Hierarchy of CommandRules and Regulation of managementDivision of labor and work specialization by departmentThe nature of impersonal relationships in the various agencies.The competence of the employees enrolled in the case.Comment on the formal rules, regulations, procedures, and decisions by the various organizations and agencies.Discuss Theory X and Theory Y with respect to Flint, Michigan.Which of the two theories is more plausible and why given the information.Is Flint, Michigan a “Wicked Problem” according to Rittel & Webber?What safeguards would you propose to prevent or minimize the inefficiencies or failures of bureaucracy? (Note: you may use the definitions of Woodrow Wilson, Max Weber or any other major theorist of Public Administration.)

  3-law; Review the Safe Drinking Water Act and its implications in the Flint Michigan water crisis. Are there any rules that were broken and by whom? Discuss any potential impact of the Regulatory Flexibility Act on the water crisis.What formal or informal rules are needed to prevent this type of crisis?

  4-  Implementation Questions  :Use the Eightfold Path and provide an analysis of the Flint, Michigan water pollution issue. You may use all previous articles as sources of information.

  5-Research Methods Qustion:

  We will examine the following and you will write up the answer as an Question #5 for this course:The Flint Water System was found to be toxic so the main water source reverted to the Detroit system, not the Flint River.  After the switch, the water needed to be retested.  Read the following and determine:What is the research question?What are the variables?What is the research design?What was the sampling process?How was the data collected?How was the data analyzed?Why or why not was this effective? What did the results show?

  ATTACHMENT HERE: use POWERPENT as will dont use any attachment from out .

  Fivethirtyeight.com What went wrong in Flint?http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/what-went-wrong-in-flint-water-crisis-michigan/Elevated Blood Lead Levels in Children Associated with the Flint Drinking Water Crisishttp://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/pdf/10.2105/AJPH.2015.303003We helped uncover a public health crisis in Flint, but learned there are costs to doing good sciencehttp://theconversation.com/we-helped-uncover-a-public-health-crisis-in-flint-but-learned-there-are-costs-to-doing-good-science-54227Moving Forward After Flinthttp://www.americanscientist.org/issues/pub/2016/3/moving-forward-after-flintInformal and Formal Rulemakinghttp://www.wise-intern.org/orientation/documents/crsrulemakingcb.pdfFlint + Bureaucracyhttps://psmag.com/the-bureaucratic-malfeasance-that-created-flint-and-sebring-s-water-crises-3cc6823f3b12#.gkk4lwwruAtlantic articlehttp://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2016/04/flint-water-lead-criminal-charges/479127/NPR — Bureaucrcyhttp://michiganradio.org/post/snyder-charges-show-bureaucrats-blame-flint-water-crisis#stream/0Outrage over Flinthttp://web.a.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.callutheran.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=af3544a2-457a-4ca7-90f9-5efe48d30d66%40sessionmgr4001&vid=86&hid=4114Safe Drinking Water Acthttps://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-04/documents/epa816f04030.pdfEPA and Water Safelyhttps://www.epa.gov/lead/enforcing-lead-laws-and-regulationsAdministrative LawOrigins of the EPAhttps://archive.epa.gov/epa/aboutepa/epas-origins-duties-transferred-epa-other-federal-agencies.htmlEnabling Act of the EPAhttps://archive.epa.gov/epa/aboutepa/epa-order-11102-initial-organization-epa.htmlCreating Public Valuehttps://www.hks.harvard.edu/m-rcbg/CSRI/publications/workingpaper_3_moore_khagram.pdfCongressional Record Safe Drinking Water Acthttps://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL31243.pdfLobby assessment of Safe Drinking Water Acthttp://lobby.la.psu.edu/015_Disinfectant_Byproducts/Congressional_Statements/House/H_Waxman_Safe_Drinking_Water.htmWashington Post – Anti-Flinthttps://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/one-citys-solution-to-drinking-water-contamination-get-rid-of-every-lead-pipe/2016/05/10/480cd842-0814-11e6-bdcb-0133da18418d_story.htmlResearch about Flint from Virginia Techhttp://flintwaterstudy.orgPlumbing Researchhttp://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/authors?id=10.Flint Water Researchhttp://flintwaterstudy.org/page/3/State allows lawsuit to standhttp://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/michigan/flint-water-crisis/2016/10/27/flint-water-crisis/92839776/Flint Residents Must Begin Paying for Waterhttps://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2017/02/28/flint-residents-must-start-paying-for-water-they-still-cant-drink-without-a-filter/?utm_term=.795d522b3

Exam !

Instructions of the exams

• * This exam is compose from two parts which are choosing two questions from the list that I will post
• To answer those two questions, you need to follow the instructions bellow
• Answering each question that you chose should be from (5 to 7 pages)
• So the total should be about (10 to 13 pages) for the both questions
• The key important thing is using a footnote and using the lectures notes
• The textbook that we use is (Oatley, Thomas International Political Economy: 5th Edition.
• The Instructor:
W. Seay, “The Origins of political Economy”
ECON 101:Virginia Commonwealth University

The instructions of exam:

1- Introduction
The introduction should have the theses statement ( one sentence) no longer that 2 sentence.

2- each paragraph in the Body needs to have closing sentences with your analysis (from 5-8 sentences).

Exams in your response exams

Sources
1- The primarily sources data should be from
• 5 paragraphs from the lecture notes
• 5 paragraphs from the your text book
• 5 paragraphs from scholarly books
• 5 paragraphs from scholarly articles

2- The secondary resources data from

• Magazine, newspaper and journals

***NOTE THAT ALL DATA SHOULD BE FOOTENOTED AND ALSO THE DATA FROM LECTURES NOTE AND TEXTBOOK NOTES SHOULD ALSO FOOTNOTED.

Exam Completion: This information is from the syllabus

1-ALL EXAMINATIONS WILL BE RESEARCH BASED AND MUST CONTAIN DATA FROM SCHOLARLY BOOKS AND ARTICLES, DOCUMENTS, CLASS LECTURE NOTES AS WELL AS MAPPING ACTIVITIES.

2. STUDENT S WILL BE GIVEN AN ESSAY TOPICAL GUIDE FOR EACH OF THE THREE EXAMS-TWO TOPICS OF WHICH THEY WILL CHOOSE TO WRITE AS ESSAYS. EACH ESSAY WILL COUNT AS 50 POINTS-100 POINTS TOTALED FOR BOTH ESSAYS.

3. EACH RESPONSE IS TO BE 5-8 PAGE, TYPED, AND DOUBLE SPACED. DATA FROM CLASS LECTURES AS WELL AS THE TEXT ARE TO BE USED*****HOWEVER, STUDENTS MUST FOOTNOTE AT LEAST THREE BITS OF DATA FROM THREE SCHOLARLY SOURCES (THREE BOOKS OR TWO BOOKS AND ONE ARTICLE) TO PROVE THEY HAVE MADE THIS EXAM ASSIGNMENT ONE THAT IS RESEARCH BASED. THE PROFESSOR WILL ALSO RECOMMEND VARIOUS SCHOLARLY BOOKS CONCERNING IPE THAT STUDENTS SHOULD REFERENCE . YET PUPILS MAY USE BOOK SOURCES INDEPENDENT OF WHAT IS RECOMMENDED. *** DO NOT, HOWEVER, USE ONLY ONLINE ARTICLES. THIS WILL NOT MAKE FOR AN ACCEPTABLE EXAM.

**TWO OR THREE ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL DOCUMENTS MAY BE USED ALONG WITH OR IN PLACE OF ARTICLES. THE MORE DIVERSE THE RESEARCH, THE HIGHER THE GRADE A STUDENT MAY RECEIVE.

4. AT LEAST 10-15 PARAGRAPHS IN EACH EXAM ESSAY SHOULD DERIVE FROM THE LECTURE AND MAP NOTES WHILST A REMAINING 10-15 PARAGRAPHS ARE TO BE BASED UPON SCHOLARLY SOURCE RESEARCH(BOOKS AND ARTICLES BY ECONOMISTS, GEOGRAPHERS, POLITICAL SCIENTISTS AND HISTORIANS AS WELL AS DOCUMENTS).

II. Essay Topics(50 points each).

1. What is International political economy? Illustrate and explain the various IPE thought schools? Which of them seems most applicable in the modern age? Argue and defend your point.

2. What is the global economy? Illustrate and explain its’ evolution. Is it good, bad or a bit of both?

3. What is the World Trade Organisation? Explain its creation and purpose? Has it proved itself positively in promoting balanced global trade? What challenges doe the WTO presently face?

4. What is the Doha Round? Has it been effective concerning solving important global economic issues?

5. What is the economic argument for trade? What factors can enforce fair trade? What factors also hinder it?

6. What are various approaches to trade policy? Which may foster

fairer global trade?

7. What factors are needed to create successful trade and developement? Will these factors contribute to economic well being? Explain.

8. What are Money Markets? How did they operate? Explain.

9. What are Incentives? Why are they important? Illustrate and explain examples.

10. Are tax cuts beneficial for improving an economy especially after a recession? Argue and defend your point.

and this is the lecture note :

Adam Smith was credited for scientific analysis for Laissez-Faire economy.
The Physiocrats comes up with Laissez-Faire originally.
1600s:
– France has the largest gold reserve in the world (More than Spain)
– The Dutch government (The Dutch Princess) allowed any tradings (free market)
– The King of France prefers Mercantilism, there’s no free trade allowed in the country. This ends up exhaust the country’s resources, raises demand for goods (price). The peasants can’t afford any of the goods.
Early 1700:
– The Physiocrats came forward with Laissez-Faire. (Both them and Adam Smith did not say that there should not be ANY government interference on economics.) There should be a limited government power over the market to keep the free market being free.
– The Dutch-India company was doing very well.
Late 1700s:
– The Dutch made a mistake in their economy. It based on monopoly.
– The mosquitoes carried malaria and exhausted the Dutch-India employees.
– The British did not allowed any monopoly based on slave trades.
MacMillan, a right wing conservative Prime Minister, came up with something called the middle way, then renamed to the Third Way philosophy. It promotes the balance between capitalism and x?x.

Austerity: reduce government budget deficits to pump back into the economy.
Global recession 2009 – 2010, Canada did not suffer as much as the US and European Union. However, Canada did have economical problem in late Winter 2009 (?). The Liberals and Conservatives came to a compromise that austerity was needed. The Liberals agreed on the term that Medicare was not to be tampered with. They both agreed on university costs, there were no more new university built, but can be spend on supplies, update, or expand. University costs were raised, but by a small margin.
Austerity is acceptable when a nation economy is in inflation state, not deflation. When a nation is already losing money (deflation), they can’t cut spending.

Edmund Burke was known as the grandfather of the modern Conservative. He argues that an intrusive government is a danger to freedom.

Monetarism: an economic philosophy by Milton Freeman

The Middle Way approach by Sir McMillan.

Lecture I: “The Origins of Political Economy”
I. What is Political Economy
A. Various Model/Relations Between Governments, and The Economy.
B. Debates in Modern Political Economy.
Clement Atlee was the 2nd Labour Party Prime Minister from 1940 to 1951. He reintroduced a very liberal government at the end of World War 1, in order to promote the social welfare of the people. He was the first long lasting, and effective Labour party Prime Minister.

Sir Ramsay MacDonald was the first Labour Party Prime Minister (1928-1932). He did not able to gain any legislation at all. He was expected to be a classic Fabian. He was able to expand National Insurance.

National Insurance (1911) = Social Security in US

David Lloyd George (1917-1921) was a (radical) Liberal Prime Minister. In 1911, he was able to put pressure on the National Insurance (he wasn’t a PM). Brittain was using most of its fund for World War 1 relieve and to put down rebellion in India. David made it very clear in 1911 that he did not get support from the Conservative on National Insurance. He threatened the Conservative that he would cause a crisis if they didn’t cooperate with him on NI right on the doorstep of World War 1. They gave in, and NI was passed on 1911. David also gave an ultimatum that he would form an alliance correlation with a socialist party, the Fabians.
The Fabians believe that the government should be an union, equal pays, give rights to women… The Fabians were not a political party, led by George Bernard Shaw.

Herbert Asquith was a Liberal PM (1st term 1909-1913) (2nd term 1913-1917). He was a lighter, less formal Conservative. He believed in an expansion of Poor Relief. David Lloyd George agree with him, but he also wanted to expand this to everyone. This will become the National Insurance. However, it didn’t make sense to give tax break to the wealthy, since British was importing more than exporting. David ended up raising 5% real estate tax on the wealthy, but gave them free business tax if they were to creating jobs for the people.

1885-1886, Ronald Regent also raised tax on the wealthy in America, but he only came up with 700m in 86’ and 600m in 86’. This was hardly enough to pay off the country debt. The reason why was the wealthy already moved their money and estate out of the country.

Benjamin Disraeli was a Conservative right wing blue Tory Prime Minister. He came up with The New Society (Poor Relief) plan. He believed that a society has to have a middle class, or it will wither away. He raised tax 1% on the wealthy to create Poor Relief, and give them 2% tax break. If the wealthy willing to to pay more into Poor Relief, they can get more tax relief (5%). If businesses willing to pay competitive wage (living wage), have more workers, they will be able to receive 50% tax relief. if businesses pay better than competitive wage, they don’t have to pay any tax into Poor Relief. The poor can only stay on Poor Relief for a certain time.

1880-1885, there’s a dramatic decrease in British politic. There was 40% decrease in extreme poverty in 1880-1885: 20% people enter middle of middle class, 20% people enter lower middle class. British made the best but also cheapest cotton in the world by this time.

1911, there was a big divide in the Liberal Party. By this time, the Liberal Party often got along well with the opposed party, the Conservative.

1947, Nyi Bevan was the deputy PM to Atlee. He created National Health Service. The Conservative supported NHS, not because of any threat, but they thought it was needed since London was bombed in 1940.

Lord John Maynard Keynes (1930-1940) dislike both socialist and labour party. He was a Liberal Democrat (liberal, new name since 1930), a lighter version of conservative. The Liberal broke into two in 1928. the Liberal Democratic and the Labour.
? Labour Party: socialist
? Liberal Democrat: moderate government involvement in economy and social welfare. They are somewhat more conservative liberal.
The only two things Keynes agreed with Labour Party was NHS and no tuition university.

The War of Independent: Taxation without Representation, but it was only one of the 13 reasons. Most of the other reasons were political freedom. Without political freedom, they knew that they would not have economic freedom.

Sept. 14 2015
America did not have the income gap like Britain.
1912, Eugene Debs, a self proclaimed socialist, was running for United States President. 1985, he agitated Pullman Railroad Strike.
The New Deal.
Conservatives said that Franklin Roosevelt almost brought America into a Second Great Depression.

Stanley Baldwin was Britain Prime Minister in the early 1930. He was a Conservative. He brought a man into the picture (economic advisor), John Maynard Keynes, a Cambridge economic professor. Keynes was a Liberal Democrat. He advocated deficit spending to stimulate an economy in recession.
Deficit spending.
Britain had 90% GDP/National Debt Ratio. He wanted to unpair British pounds from Gold. British government can use the money they have and pump back into the economy, as long as they do not print anymore money that excess 2% inflation. This money can be use to restructure the economy, so that import and export can improve.
Keynes wants to turn British pounds into fiat money – paper money that is not back by a piece.
By 1936, only in 3 years, British GDP improved by 45%.

Britain had the fastest growing free market aeroplane.

Sept. 16 2015
Lord Keynes came to America in 1936. Franklin Roosevelt was reelected in this year. During this time, America was on the verge of going into the 2nd great depression. There has not been any significant growth in term of spending, caused by no growth in job creation. Jobs that Roosevelt created were not capable of growing the economy. Keynes told Roosevelt that he did not pump enough stimulus money into the economy. He needed to pump money into states and regional government. Once states and regional government have access to that revenue money, then it became their responsibility to create banks. Banks can pump that money into businesses, so that they can create jobs.
Roosevelt responded to Keynes that the supreme court was blocking him. Roosevelt created National Relation Act. This created National Labor Relation Board. The supreme court blocked NLRB. The supreme court also blocks Roosevelt from price control, creating jobs through the New Deal. The supreme blocked Roosevelt and the Federal Reserve to print any more money to use in the New Deal. Keynes told Roosevelt that he shouldn’t fret as that money is going into the wrong direction anyway. He could still use money in trade, in bomb investment, and pump it into states and regional government. Roosevelt did listen to Keynes’ advice. Roosevelt makes purchase war bond, thus creating jobs in war bomb’s researches.
Though, America still has a very good exporting base, and a strong currency value. It was exporting coal around the world.
Conservative political thinkers believe government is not in the business of creating jobs. Let the free market do its things. Keynes also agrees with this. However, he indeed agrees that there should be government intervention.
Lord Harilex escorted John Maynard Keynes during this period.

Sept. 18 2015
Jeffrey Lacker, Richmond, VA Department of Treasury, made it very clear that we do have money in Federal Reserve to loan out to business for job incentive (Sept. 15, 2015). The Federal Reserve does promise to sell government bond to businesses that lost money on the stock exchange.
The supreme court blocks NRA because they think it’s unconstitutional to have government acts as a labor union. It should be left between AFLO and private businesses. As for price control, it could bring more harm than good. They state that they do not want to stop the President from printing money, but it would need to be approved by the Congress. They want to prevent an excessed amount of money that would devalue the US dollar.
Franklin Roosevelt argues with the supreme court that he still has the power under the Emergency Act of the Constitution to ask the Federal Reserve to print more money. The Supreme court answers him that the Emergency Act should be used under war time, like President Abraham Lincoln did. It’s less than 60% printed money during this time was able to be used into stimulus money.
From 1930-1950, it was fashionable for business and people to buy war bonds.
John Maynard Keynes

Exam !

Instructions of the exams

• * This exam is compose from two parts which are choosing two questions from the list that I will post
• To answer those two questions, you need to follow the instructions bellow
• Answering each question that you chose should be from (5 to 7 pages)
• So the total should be about (10 to 13 pages) for the both questions
• The key important thing is using a footnote and using the lectures notes
• The textbook that we use is (Oatley, Thomas International Political Economy: 5th Edition.
• The Instructor:
W. Seay, “The Origins of political Economy”
ECON 101:Virginia Commonwealth University

The instructions of exam:

1- Introduction
The introduction should have the theses statement ( one sentence) no longer that 2 sentence.

2- each paragraph in the Body needs to have closing sentences with your analysis (from 5-8 sentences).

Exams in your response exams

Sources
1- The primarily sources data should be from
• 5 paragraphs from the lecture notes
• 5 paragraphs from the your text book
• 5 paragraphs from scholarly books
• 5 paragraphs from scholarly articles

2- The secondary resources data from

• Magazine, newspaper and journals

***NOTE THAT ALL DATA SHOULD BE FOOTENOTED AND ALSO THE DATA FROM LECTURES NOTE AND TEXTBOOK NOTES SHOULD ALSO FOOTNOTED.

Exam Completion: This information is from the syllabus

1-ALL EXAMINATIONS WILL BE RESEARCH BASED AND MUST CONTAIN DATA FROM SCHOLARLY BOOKS AND ARTICLES, DOCUMENTS, CLASS LECTURE NOTES AS WELL AS MAPPING ACTIVITIES.

2. STUDENT S WILL BE GIVEN AN ESSAY TOPICAL GUIDE FOR EACH OF THE THREE EXAMS-TWO TOPICS OF WHICH THEY WILL CHOOSE TO WRITE AS ESSAYS. EACH ESSAY WILL COUNT AS 50 POINTS-100 POINTS TOTALED FOR BOTH ESSAYS.

3. EACH RESPONSE IS TO BE 5-8 PAGE, TYPED, AND DOUBLE SPACED. DATA FROM CLASS LECTURES AS WELL AS THE TEXT ARE TO BE USED*****HOWEVER, STUDENTS MUST FOOTNOTE AT LEAST THREE BITS OF DATA FROM THREE SCHOLARLY SOURCES (THREE BOOKS OR TWO BOOKS AND ONE ARTICLE) TO PROVE THEY HAVE MADE THIS EXAM ASSIGNMENT ONE THAT IS RESEARCH BASED. THE PROFESSOR WILL ALSO RECOMMEND VARIOUS SCHOLARLY BOOKS CONCERNING IPE THAT STUDENTS SHOULD REFERENCE . YET PUPILS MAY USE BOOK SOURCES INDEPENDENT OF WHAT IS RECOMMENDED. *** DO NOT, HOWEVER, USE ONLY ONLINE ARTICLES. THIS WILL NOT MAKE FOR AN ACCEPTABLE EXAM.

**TWO OR THREE ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL DOCUMENTS MAY BE USED ALONG WITH OR IN PLACE OF ARTICLES. THE MORE DIVERSE THE RESEARCH, THE HIGHER THE GRADE A STUDENT MAY RECEIVE.

4. AT LEAST 10-15 PARAGRAPHS IN EACH EXAM ESSAY SHOULD DERIVE FROM THE LECTURE AND MAP NOTES WHILST A REMAINING 10-15 PARAGRAPHS ARE TO BE BASED UPON SCHOLARLY SOURCE RESEARCH(BOOKS AND ARTICLES BY ECONOMISTS, GEOGRAPHERS, POLITICAL SCIENTISTS AND HISTORIANS AS WELL AS DOCUMENTS).

II. Essay Topics(50 points each).

1. What is International political economy? Illustrate and explain the various IPE thought schools? Which of them seems most applicable in the modern age? Argue and defend your point.

2. What is the global economy? Illustrate and explain its’ evolution. Is it good, bad or a bit of both?

3. What is the World Trade Organisation? Explain its creation and purpose? Has it proved itself positively in promoting balanced global trade? What challenges doe the WTO presently face?

4. What is the Doha Round? Has it been effective concerning solving important global economic issues?

5. What is the economic argument for trade? What factors can enforce fair trade? What factors also hinder it?

6. What are various approaches to trade policy? Which may foster

fairer global trade?

7. What factors are needed to create successful trade and developement? Will these factors contribute to economic well being? Explain.

8. What are Money Markets? How did they operate? Explain.

9. What are Incentives? Why are they important? Illustrate and explain examples.

10. Are tax cuts beneficial for improving an economy especially after a recession? Argue and defend your point.

and this is the lecture note :

Adam Smith was credited for scientific analysis for Laissez-Faire economy.
The Physiocrats comes up with Laissez-Faire originally.
1600s:
– France has the largest gold reserve in the world (More than Spain)
– The Dutch government (The Dutch Princess) allowed any tradings (free market)
– The King of France prefers Mercantilism, there’s no free trade allowed in the country. This ends up exhaust the country’s resources, raises demand for goods (price). The peasants can’t afford any of the goods.
Early 1700:
– The Physiocrats came forward with Laissez-Faire. (Both them and Adam Smith did not say that there should not be ANY government interference on economics.) There should be a limited government power over the market to keep the free market being free.
– The Dutch-India company was doing very well.
Late 1700s:
– The Dutch made a mistake in their economy. It based on monopoly.
– The mosquitoes carried malaria and exhausted the Dutch-India employees.
– The British did not allowed any monopoly based on slave trades.
MacMillan, a right wing conservative Prime Minister, came up with something called the middle way, then renamed to the Third Way philosophy. It promotes the balance between capitalism and x?x.

Austerity: reduce government budget deficits to pump back into the economy.
Global recession 2009 – 2010, Canada did not suffer as much as the US and European Union. However, Canada did have economical problem in late Winter 2009 (?). The Liberals and Conservatives came to a compromise that austerity was needed. The Liberals agreed on the term that Medicare was not to be tampered with. They both agreed on university costs, there were no more new university built, but can be spend on supplies, update, or expand. University costs were raised, but by a small margin.
Austerity is acceptable when a nation economy is in inflation state, not deflation. When a nation is already losing money (deflation), they can’t cut spending.

Edmund Burke was known as the grandfather of the modern Conservative. He argues that an intrusive government is a danger to freedom.

Monetarism: an economic philosophy by Milton Freeman

The Middle Way approach by Sir McMillan.

Lecture I: “The Origins of Political Economy”
I. What is Political Economy
A. Various Model/Relations Between Governments, and The Economy.
B. Debates in Modern Political Economy.
Clement Atlee was the 2nd Labour Party Prime Minister from 1940 to 1951. He reintroduced a very liberal government at the end of World War 1, in order to promote the social welfare of the people. He was the first long lasting, and effective Labour party Prime Minister.

Sir Ramsay MacDonald was the first Labour Party Prime Minister (1928-1932). He did not able to gain any legislation at all. He was expected to be a classic Fabian. He was able to expand National Insurance.

National Insurance (1911) = Social Security in US

David Lloyd George (1917-1921) was a (radical) Liberal Prime Minister. In 1911, he was able to put pressure on the National Insurance (he wasn’t a PM). Brittain was using most of its fund for World War 1 relieve and to put down rebellion in India. David made it very clear in 1911 that he did not get support from the Conservative on National Insurance. He threatened the Conservative that he would cause a crisis if they didn’t cooperate with him on NI right on the doorstep of World War 1. They gave in, and NI was passed on 1911. David also gave an ultimatum that he would form an alliance correlation with a socialist party, the Fabians.
The Fabians believe that the government should be an union, equal pays, give rights to women… The Fabians were not a political party, led by George Bernard Shaw.

Herbert Asquith was a Liberal PM (1st term 1909-1913) (2nd term 1913-1917). He was a lighter, less formal Conservative. He believed in an expansion of Poor Relief. David Lloyd George agree with him, but he also wanted to expand this to everyone. This will become the National Insurance. However, it didn’t make sense to give tax break to the wealthy, since British was importing more than exporting. David ended up raising 5% real estate tax on the wealthy, but gave them free business tax if they were to creating jobs for the people.

1885-1886, Ronald Regent also raised tax on the wealthy in America, but he only came up with 700m in 86’ and 600m in 86’. This was hardly enough to pay off the country debt. The reason why was the wealthy already moved their money and estate out of the country.

Benjamin Disraeli was a Conservative right wing blue Tory Prime Minister. He came up with The New Society (Poor Relief) plan. He believed that a society has to have a middle class, or it will wither away. He raised tax 1% on the wealthy to create Poor Relief, and give them 2% tax break. If the wealthy willing to to pay more into Poor Relief, they can get more tax relief (5%). If businesses willing to pay competitive wage (living wage), have more workers, they will be able to receive 50% tax relief. if businesses pay better than competitive wage, they don’t have to pay any tax into Poor Relief. The poor can only stay on Poor Relief for a certain time.

1880-1885, there’s a dramatic decrease in British politic. There was 40% decrease in extreme poverty in 1880-1885: 20% people enter middle of middle class, 20% people enter lower middle class. British made the best but also cheapest cotton in the world by this time.

1911, there was a big divide in the Liberal Party. By this time, the Liberal Party often got along well with the opposed party, the Conservative.

1947, Nyi Bevan was the deputy PM to Atlee. He created National Health Service. The Conservative supported NHS, not because of any threat, but they thought it was needed since London was bombed in 1940.

Lord John Maynard Keynes (1930-1940) dislike both socialist and labour party. He was a Liberal Democrat (liberal, new name since 1930), a lighter version of conservative. The Liberal broke into two in 1928. the Liberal Democratic and the Labour.
? Labour Party: socialist
? Liberal Democrat: moderate government involvement in economy and social welfare. They are somewhat more conservative liberal.
The only two things Keynes agreed with Labour Party was NHS and no tuition university.

The War of Independent: Taxation without Representation, but it was only one of the 13 reasons. Most of the other reasons were political freedom. Without political freedom, they knew that they would not have economic freedom.

Sept. 14 2015
America did not have the income gap like Britain.
1912, Eugene Debs, a self proclaimed socialist, was running for United States President. 1985, he agitated Pullman Railroad Strike.
The New Deal.
Conservatives said that Franklin Roosevelt almost brought America into a Second Great Depression.

Stanley Baldwin was Britain Prime Minister in the early 1930. He was a Conservative. He brought a man into the picture (economic advisor), John Maynard Keynes, a Cambridge economic professor. Keynes was a Liberal Democrat. He advocated deficit spending to stimulate an economy in recession.
Deficit spending.
Britain had 90% GDP/National Debt Ratio. He wanted to unpair British pounds from Gold. British government can use the money they have and pump back into the economy, as long as they do not print anymore money that excess 2% inflation. This money can be use to restructure the economy, so that import and export can improve.
Keynes wants to turn British pounds into fiat money – paper money that is not back by a piece.
By 1936, only in 3 years, British GDP improved by 45%.

Britain had the fastest growing free market aeroplane.

Sept. 16 2015
Lord Keynes came to America in 1936. Franklin Roosevelt was reelected in this year. During this time, America was on the verge of going into the 2nd great depression. There has not been any significant growth in term of spending, caused by no growth in job creation. Jobs that Roosevelt created were not capable of growing the economy. Keynes told Roosevelt that he did not pump enough stimulus money into the economy. He needed to pump money into states and regional government. Once states and regional government have access to that revenue money, then it became their responsibility to create banks. Banks can pump that money into businesses, so that they can create jobs.
Roosevelt responded to Keynes that the supreme court was blocking him. Roosevelt created National Relation Act. This created National Labor Relation Board. The supreme court blocked NLRB. The supreme court also blocks Roosevelt from price control, creating jobs through the New Deal. The supreme blocked Roosevelt and the Federal Reserve to print any more money to use in the New Deal. Keynes told Roosevelt that he shouldn’t fret as that money is going into the wrong direction anyway. He could still use money in trade, in bomb investment, and pump it into states and regional government. Roosevelt did listen to Keynes’ advice. Roosevelt makes purchase war bond, thus creating jobs in war bomb’s researches.
Though, America still has a very good exporting base, and a strong currency value. It was exporting coal around the world.
Conservative political thinkers believe government is not in the business of creating jobs. Let the free market do its things. Keynes also agrees with this. However, he indeed agrees that there should be government intervention.
Lord Harilex escorted John Maynard Keynes during this period.

Sept. 18 2015
Jeffrey Lacker, Richmond, VA Department of Treasury, made it very clear that we do have money in Federal Reserve to loan out to business for job incentive (Sept. 15, 2015). The Federal Reserve does promise to sell government bond to businesses that lost money on the stock exchange.
The supreme court blocks NRA because they think it’s unconstitutional to have government acts as a labor union. It should be left between AFLO and private businesses. As for price control, it could bring more harm than good. They state that they do not want to stop the President from printing money, but it would need to be approved by the Congress. They want to prevent an excessed amount of money that would devalue the US dollar.
Franklin Roosevelt argues with the supreme court that he still has the power under the Emergency Act of the Constitution to ask the Federal Reserve to print more money. The Supreme court answers him that the Emergency Act should be used under war time, like President Abraham Lincoln did. It’s less than 60% printed money during this time was able to be used into stimulus money.
From 1930-1950, it was fashionable for business and people to buy war bonds.
John Maynard Keynes