Environmental issues

1.   Evaluate spheres of the environment that may be impacted  and manage the interaction of project actions on key  environmental receptors ;
2.   Apply  the  operatin g  principles of EIA to critically evaluate the broad environmental and social impacts of petroleum  extraction,   processing   and transportatio n;
3.   Assess  the link between environmental management plans (EMP) and environmental management systems  (EMS)   in the oil  and gas  industry .

11.  Procedure

Background Information

As of January 2014, Peru in South America  had 633 million barrels of proven oil reserve s, according to the US Energy Information Administration , and majority of these are  located onshore.  In Central and South America, Peru is
also the third largest holder of natural gas reserves (about 15.4 trillion cubic feet as of 2014). The  San   Martín reservoir  situated with in the Amazon Rainforest  (Fig .   1)   has been a prolific producer of natural gas since the 1980s.

The government  of Peru is planning a  future  project expansion in the Camisea gas field of   the  San Martín reservoir  to extract and transport natural gas from the Urubamba River  area (Fig .   2) to major markets around the Americas.  The
project is expected to supply natural gas to southern Peru (Fig. 1) where copper mining is a major earner.  However, local communities around the Camisea field have complained over the years about the negative impacts of current projects in the Camisea field and the San Martín  area in general.  The preservation of natural ecosystem services  that have been  enjoyed by the people prior to the 1980s remain a source of concern and it is now difficult to convince the people that the planned natural gas extension project in the Camisea area will have minimal negative impact. In  addition,   Frankenberg   et
al.  (2005)   and   Nisbet   et   al.  (2014)   have argued that the tropical   region, where Peru belongs,  holds unexpectedly high  methane concentrations. Table 1 shows the details of the segments, facilities and equipment   expected for the planned expansion project.

Table 1: Oil and natural gas systems likely to be installed as a result of the planned project expansion in the Camisea gas field of the San Martín reservoir , Peru.
Segment   Facility    Equipment at the facility
1  Production   Wells, central gathering
facilities
Separators, pneumatic devices,
chemical  injection pumps,  dehydrators,
compressors, heaters, meters,
pipelines, liquid storage tanks
2  Processing   Gas plants   Vessels, dehydrators, compressors,
acid gas  removal (AGR) units, heaters,
pneumatic  devices
3  Transportation and
storage
Transportation  pipeline
networks, compressor
stations, meter  and pressure -regulating stations,
underground   injection/
withdrawal facilities, liquefied
natural gas (LNG)  facilities
Vessels, compressors, pipelines,
meters/pressure regulators, pneumatic
devices, dehydrators, heaters
4  Distribution   Main and service pipeline
networks, meter and pressure
regulating  stations
Pipelines, meters, pressure regulators,
pneumatic devices, customer meters
Source: adapted from  US EPA (2013)

Your tasks
Write a report to cover the following major tasks:

1.   Tabulate and  briefly  explain four types of   environmental  impacts  (namely: irreversible, synergistic,  cumulative  and positive impacts) that may  occur  on each of  the following  environmental receptors   if this  gas expansion   project
proceeds:
a.)  Biosphere  (e.g. human and other living things) ;
b.)  Hydrosphere  (e.g. surface and ground water systems) ;
c.)  Lithosphere  (e.g. agricultural space/practices) ;
d.)  Atmosphere

2.   Using the data   provided in the ba ckground information above, you are  required to critically  analyse/evaluate   the   environmental  impacts   associated  with production; processing; transportation and storage ; and   distribution based on
Table 1 for the proposed gas expansion project in  the   Camisea area  of Peru. The   impact  evaluation  should be illustrated using   the following  EIA  operating principles: (i.) Scoping; (ii.) Alternatives; (iii.) Impact analysis; (iv) Mitigation

3.   Based on tasks 1 and 2 above, develop a tabulated Environmental Management Plan   linked to an Environmental  Management System   on the post project monitoring and appraisal of the project.

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