a). Briefly outline some reasons for the creation and adoption of the BWM convention, including economic, environmental and human health issues. [9 Marks] b). How is the discussion and drafting of this convention and others funded? (Who Pays?) [4 Marks] c). What will be the process for turning the BWM Convention into Law in Australia once it is finally ratified by 35% of the worlds shipping tonnage? [10 Marks] d). List at least three technical methods available for minimizing the risks of spreading undesirable/ invasive aquatic organisms from ships ballast water. [Any 3 = 9 Marks] e). List at least five (5) system components likely to be required to ensure compliance with BWM regulations. [Any 5 = 10 Marks] f). Is the US Coast Guard (The USA maritime administration) frustrating the IMOs process for implementation of the BWM convention in your opinion and if so How? [5 Marks] g). Comment on the likely effectiveness of the IMO G8 guidelines in terms of preventing the spread of invasive species. [10 Marks] h). What is the estimated cost to fit the worlds fleet with BWM equipment according to BIMCO? Where will this money come from? [6 Marks] i). Comment of the risk to a car carriers ships stability when undertaking ballast water exchange at sea. (Research Cougar Ace in 2006) [8 Marks] j). List three methods that the IMO proposes for Port State authorities to monitor ships compliance with the BWM Regulations? [Any 3 = 9 Marks]