Schizophrenia is a severe, chronic, and disabling brain disorder that has affected many people. One can have certain believes that someone is judging their thoughts and planning to harm them. People with the condition can be terrified and start withdrawing from other people and becomes agitated.Some of them may not make sense when talking and they can even sit for hours without talking to anybody or even make some movements. Most people with the condition are well and fine until when they talk about their thoughts. Family members have a lot to do for a schizophrenia patient because most of them are jobless and at the same time cannot fully care for their daily needs fully. Treatment given to schizophrenia patient is to relieve some symptoms, but certain people always cope with the symptoms as part of they’re live.

Cerebellum, medulla oblongata, and the Pons make up the hindbrain. Hindbrain is mostly involved in controlling blood circulation and motor activities in the body. Therefore, presence of schizophrenia shows that this portion of the brain has been affected, and the symptoms mostly are inappropriate body language and blunted movements. In addition, someone may develop rigid behavior towards surrounding environmental cues (Kieth, 2014).

According to Keith (2014) the limbic system which innermost part of the brain serves to regulate person’s emotions memories, sexual behavior, and activities. Brain affected by schizophrenia one has a flat affect which is a negative symptom of the disorder. In addition, one has disorganized behaviors that prevent him or her from socializing. In addition, the fore brain which is the topmost portion of the brain that controls motor and sensory function sleep cycles, hunger and emotional expressions. The frontal lobe is where thought organization starts creating delusional ideation that are a common symptom of schizophrenia. In this lobe, there is overstimulation of dopamine that later on decreases glutamate production and decreases neural activity. Temporal lobe controls facial recognition and hearing. Hence, schizophrenia clients may complain of auditory and visual hallucinations (Keith, 2014).

According to Bing & Xue (2014). inheritance of schizophrenia between close family members is higher.But occurs in minimal percentages in the general population, but higher percentages are experienced amongst people with first-degree relatives with the condition. Condition can pass from one generation to another in close relatives. In addition, those distant relatives can also develop schizophrenia more than the general population. They stand a great chance of getting it as high 40-60 percent.

According to Sugihara et al. (2014). Gene itself cannot cause the disease, but it makes one be at a risk of getting schizophrenia if one of the family members has the condition. A genetic difference involves many genes that probably interfere with the brain development. Certain researchers came up with certain suggestions that a schizophrenia may be because of failure of functioning of some genes key important in making brain chemicals.

One with schizophrenia may fail to develop higher functioning skills due to certain genetic mutations of genes. Even though, there is an ongoing research on the same, it is not yet possible to predict genetic information is one of the causes of schizophrenia. In addition, environmental and genetic interactions are the most probable causes of schizophrenia. Psychological factors can contribute to schizophrenia among these factors include maternal malnutrition during pregnancy and problems during delivery are the known psychological factors (Sugihara et al., 2014).

According to Richard & Lane (2010). Chemical reactions in the brain that involve neurotransmitters such as dopamine and glutamate has a major role in the development of schizophrenia on someone.Neurotransmitters are involved in passing coded information from one brain cell to another. In addition, studies have shown a great difference in the size of ventricles in a schizophrenic patient in that they are larger compared to that of a normal person Also the level gray matter in the brain is less compared to that of a normal person and some areas of the brain tend to be more or less active. More so, faulty brain connections may have occurred at birth, and that is why there may be small changes in characteristics and distribution of brain cells.Because during puberty level, brain undergoes certain changes that may trigger certain psychotic symptoms that were never diagnosed before (Richard & Lane 2010).

According to Dickerson et al. (2011), Hallucinations is one of the schizophrenic symptoms that one tends to report seeing things that no one hears, even sees, or even smells. The major symptoms they often report are certain voices that one hears. The voices can talk to someone about their expectations, behavior, or even the coming danger. Someone with the condition can live hearing voices for quite some time before family member’s notices the problem. Among other types of hallucinations that may be experienced by schizophrenic patients includes feelings of invisible hands or fingers touching their body parts when no one is around, seeing objects that are not there and even having a smell of odors that someone else cannot detect it.

Delusions can occupy one’s mind by having false beliefs that are not part of their family culture or society. Someone will have strong believes even after other people proves to be false. These people also can have a believe that whatever is being aired on radio or TV focuses mostly on them. Moreover, they feel that their thoughts are the ones being aired. Also sometimes, they feel themselves as the kings whereby they think as heroes. Others have paranoid delusions where they believe other people are planning to cause harm on him or her (Dickerson et al. 2011).

Thought disorder is another symptom of schizophrenia whereby one, has unusual thinking. These people may talk in a manner that no one-can understand. Others can have thought block whereby someone converses but after a certain period, he or she abruptly stop talking. However, if someone asks why he or she stopped talking they tend to say that thought ideas were taken away during the conversation. In addition, such people with thought disorders may make some meaningless words that no one else can understand (Dickerson et al. 2011).

One can make certain movements repeatedly over a certain time. The person can become catatonic whereby they just decides not to make any move at all. However, the case is rare among schizophrenic clients but before the introduction of treatment, the cases were higher. In addition, a schizophrenia patient can have a flat affect where someone does not talk or even move at all or the talk can be in a monotonous voice (Dickerson et al. 2011).

According to Kelly (2014), Treatment of schizophrenia is unknown, so the main aim mostly is relieving client symptoms. Psychosocial therapy and antipsychotic drugs are used in the management of schizophrenia. Among the antipsychotic drugs used, include clozapine that treats hallucinations and psychotic symptoms and makes one end up with reality of things in life. However, some of the side effects of clozapine includes reduced white blood cell count in the circulation used by the body to fight infections. So clients on clozapine are normally advised to go for white blood cell count after every two weeks or one.Treatment of schizophrenia using clozapine is costly due to its side effects.

Psychosocial treatment can also be used to manage people with schizophrenia who are stable on antipsychotic medications. Psychosocial therapy is meant for treatment of daily challenges encountered by schizophrenic patients such as difficulty initiating and maintaining relationships, communication and self-care (Kelly 2014).

Psychosocial therapy helps in the development of coping mechanisms of the client to address their challenges and socialize with other people. Regular psychosocial treatment helps the patients to adhere to their medications and avoid relapse of the condition. Therapist also can educate clients on the disorder problems the client is likely to encounter and the importance of medications.

Rehabilitation focuses mostly on teaching clients certain vocational trainings that help people to function well with their communities. The program aims at training and job counseling of clients, money management counseling, and opportunities to practice communication skills. This programme works well when job training and specific therapies are used to improve thinking skills. This program helps clients, hold on to their jobs, and improve their functioning capacity (Kelly 2014)

Family therapy helps the client develop some coping strategies and problem solving strategy’s skills as cited by Kelly (2014).Family member’s help in ensuring their loved ones follow the treatment and medications as per the prescriptions. Family members should ensure that their member does the follow up clinics without fail.

Cognitive behavioral therapy focuses on fixing real thoughts of real life situation and eliminating the unbearable thought content. Cognitive behavioral therapy aims at elimination false perceptions on one’s mind and emphasizing positive perceptions of the situation. It also helps clients to develop a way of managing symptoms overall. Hence helps in reducing the relapse of the condition (Kelly 2014).

Tom is severing from generalized anxiety disorder because he worries too much right from health issue, job opportunities, and even ways of getting money. These worries interfere with his normal activities as job. According to Hauser (2005), symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder may include pain such as muscle tension as reported by Tom.

Anxiety and worry do not focus on worrying about a certain occurrence, but it focuses mainly on certain social impairments as occupational and social functioning of a person. Treatment of anxiety disorder involves the use of antidepressants the selective serotonin uptake inhibitors that normally prevents anxiety disorder. Among these drugs includes Prozac. Some antianxiety drugs such as benzodiazepines may be used, but some of the side effects include drowsiness, irritability and even memory problems (Hauser, 2005).

Beth is severing from anorexia nervosa disorder because she has starved herself and lost a lot of weight. The condition started during puberty where she started dieting and losing weight, and the weight has deteriorated so much but she feels she is okay and need to lose more. People with this condition as if Beth normally starves them so much even though there is hunger pains. According to Psych central staff, (2005), the most frightening part of this disorder is that the patient fears gaining weight until they only remain with bones in the body. Such people are obsessed so much by food and weight gain they may refuse to eat in front of others or even undertake certain exercises to lose weight and make them thin. Symptoms of this disorder includes ones fear to gain weight

Treatment of anorexia nervosa aims to restore the weight client has lost. The health conditions associated with anorexia nervosa includes depression osteoporosis and heart diseases. Therefore, client needs to be counseled on malnutrition to ensure that he or she maintains a healthy body weight. Depression issues can be managed through counseling of a client and may be put on antidepressants to treat depression symptoms. Some of the side effects of these medications include drowsiness, dizziness and at times nausea and vomiting (Psych central staff 2005)

In conclusion, psychological disorders may start at a certain point in time but it is hard to diagnose until when the case is serious. However, early diagnosis and treatment of these conditions can help relieve symptoms from the clients. Treatment of psychological disorders requires a team of trained health workers to work as a team in the management of this mental health condition. Since certain conditions can be treated only by counseling of a client others medications.

Refences

Keith,V.(2014) .What is the Neural Basis of Schizophrenia?Amazon:Demand Media Inc

Bing, D., Xue, B. Rion, C. (2014).Pathogenic Significance and Possible Pathogenic Mechanisms

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Seish, H., Shin, K., Zashi, H.(2014).Schizophrenia and other Mental Disorders.Psychiatric

journal on Schizophrenia.116(2) 5-152.

Kelly,D .et all (2014).Intergrating Psychosocial Treatment Approaches. Psych approach on

mental health journal.18:344(6181) 5-254.

Dickerson, F.Nerv,J.,Dis,B.(2011).Evidenced Based Treatment.Psychotherapy for Schizophrenia

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Richard, D., Lane, M., Dorhan, A.(2010). The Neural Substrates of Affect Impairment in

Schizophrenia.American Journal of Psychiatry, 10, 33-38.

Hauser, J. (2005, February 2). Anxiety: Generalized anxiety disorder. Retrieved November 21,

2006, from the PsychCentral Web site: http://psychcentral.com/disorders/anxiety/gad.html

PsychCentral (2006, November 17). Anorexia nervosa: Symptoms. Retrieved November 21,

2006, from http://psychcentral.com/disorders/sx2.htm

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