Paper instructions:
This exam is a take-home.  You may use your notes, books, and other course materials, and you may discuss answers with one another.  But the writing in the essays must be your own

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Please write an essay answer to both the questions below.  Your answers should be typed and double-spaced.  Each essay should run to 2 or 2 ½ pages, or 5 pages for the entire exam.  I encourage you to use ample examples and details, including names, specific companies, industries and dates.  At the end of each paragraph where you quote a course book, please cite using the following format: (Chudakoff, p. xxx).

Answer Both Questions:

I. A central and defining feature of the more recent period we have studied, as opposed to its predecessor, is that wealth and jobs inside the city are less likely to come from industrial production, especially manufacturing.  Hence we have called these cities “post-industrial.” Write an essay that elucidates and explains this change and some of its most important consequences.  Using examples and illustrations drawn from course material, your essay should include answers to the following questions:
a. Why did we call the American cities that had become prominent by 1900 “industrial”?

b. What happened over the middle of the twentieth century to the industries that had made these cities post-industrial?
c. What were some consequences of these changes for downtown economies?
d. What kinds of new or expanding economic opportunities then arrived, and where, over the later twentieth century?  What places and people benefitted most from these new opportunities? Who and what places benefitted least?

II. Confronted in the nineteenth century with a “time of cholera,” New Yorkers during the industrial period put in place a variety of measures that effectively put an end to that ailment.  Moreover, sanitary reform combined with medical progress over the twentieth century also seemed to be putting an end even to infectious diseases like tuberculosis, that were not so much epidemic as endemic.    Yet by the 1990’s, infectious diseases seemed on the rise in this post-industrial metropolis.  Why?

Write an essay that compares the state of urban public health at the height of the industrial period, in the early 1900’s, with that in the late twentieth century.  In your essay, be sure to note and explain those features of the postindustrial city that were most important to the new and continuing threats to health faced by New Yorkers.