1. “Fight-or-flight” responses entail activity of the ________ nervous system.
a. somatic
b. parasympathetic
c. asympathetic
d. sympathetic

2. According to your text, the functions of emotions include which of the following?
a. preparing the individual for action
b. facilitating learning
c. enhancing communication with others
d. All of these

3. Controversial issues in the psychology of emotion include:
a. specifying the relationship, if any, between the affective and cognitive components of emotional experience.
b. identifying the most basic, fundamental emotions.
c. Both A and B
d. Neither A nor B

4. English contains many, many words to describe emotions. How have psychologists attempted to reduce this complexity to identify the most fundamental emotions?
a. They have tried to sort the emotions into discrete, broad categories.
b. They have tried to identify a small number of component dimensions comprising all emotional experience.
c. They have attempted to develop a hierarchical organization of emotions.
d. All of these

5. Which of the following is LEAST likely a “basic” emotion?
a. guilt
b. anger
c. happiness
d. fear

6. English lacks a specific term to refer to a mood of vulnerable heartache tinged by frustration. The Japanese language has a single term to refer to this feeling. This may mean that, compared to Japanese speakers, English speakers:
a. cannot experience this feeling.
b. have a harder time talking about this feeling.
c. have more difficulty experiencing this emotion.
d. Both B and C

7. According to your text, the terms we use to describe our emotional experiences are most often make reference to our:
a. cognitive beliefs.
b. overt behaviors.
c. physiological reactions.
d. related feelings.

8. Which of the following statements would be greeted with skepticism by at least a portion of your audience were you to include it in a presentation at a conference of psychologists?
a. Emotions contain a physiological component.b. Physiological reactions precede our experience of an emotion.c. Physiological reactions follow our experience of an emotion.
d. Both A and B might be controversial.

9. Which of the following sequences reflects the order in which the major theories of emotion discussed in your text appeared in your text, from the earliest to the most recent?
a. James-Lange [Symbol] Cannon-Bard [Symbol] Schachter-Singer
b. Cannon-Bard [Symbol] Schachter-Singer [Symbol] James-Lange
c. Cannon-Bard [Symbol] James-Lange [Symbol] Schachter-Singer
d. James-Lange [Symbol] Schachter-Singer [Symbol] Cannon-Bard
Answer: b

10. According to your text, peer rejection is associated with:
a. poor social adjustment.
b. decreased academic achievement.
c. Both A and B
d. Neither A nor B

11. Which of the following constructs primarily reflects “nature”?
a. attachment style
b. temperament
c. Both A and B
d. Neither A nor B

12. Recall the Eriksonian stages of personality development that occur during childhood. Which is/are correctly matched with the appropriate ages below?
a. trust vs. mistrust—ages 0–1
b. autonomy vs doubt—ages 1–3
c. initiative vs. guilt—ages 3–6
d. All of these are correctly matched.

13. Bonnie is 3 months old and her parents attend only inconsistently to her needs. Sometimes they are very attentive, feeding her promptly when she cries and comforting her when she seems upset. Other times, Bonnie cries for a long time before her parents attend to her. Based on Erikson’s theory, it is likely that Bonnie will develop:
a. a general sense of mistrust.
b. a sense of inferiority.
c. role confusion.
d. a sense of despair.

14. According to Erikson, the first stage of a child’s psychosocial development is the ________ stage.
a. trust-versus-mistrust
b. sensorimotor
c. autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt
d. intimacy-versus-isolation

15. Which of the following accurately reflects a positive aspect of Erikson’s stage theory of psychosocial development?
a. Erikson focused equally on the development of males and females.
b. Erikson provided precise mechanisms to account for the transition from one stage to the next.
c. Erikson validated his theory cross-culturally.
d. Erikson’s theory encompassed the entire lifespan, not just the childhood years.

16. Which of the following sequences accurately reflects the order of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development, from birth through adolescence?
a. sensorimotor [Symbol] concrete operational [Symbol] preoperational [Symbol] formal operational
b. preoperational [Symbol] concrete operational [Symbol] preoperational [Symbol] formal operational
c. sensorimotor [Symbol] preoperational [Symbol] concrete operational [Symbol] formal operational
d. nonperational [Symbol] preoperational [Symbol] operational [Symbol] postoperational

17. Which age range below is INCORRECTLY labeled with a Piagetian stage?
a. 0–2 years; sensorimotor stage
b. 2–7 years; preoperational stage
c. 7–12 years; concrete operational stage
d. 12 years—adulthood; postoperational stage

18. During the sensorimotor period:
a. children begin to understand reversibility.
b. schemata revolve primarily around sensory and motor abilities.
c. mental operations are tied to actual objects in the real world.
d. individuals can consider hypothetical outcomes and make logical deductions.

19. Which of the following statements best expresses preoperational children’s degree of cognitive sophistication?
a. They understand that objects exist when they are not visible.
b. They can pretend that one object is another.
c. They can perform such mental operations as conservation.
d. They are capable of abstract, hypothetical thought.

20 . Psychologists use the term _________ to refer to a relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experience.
a. development
b. maturation
c. cognition
d. learning

21 Andrea has a needle phobia. Which pair correctly identifies a stimulus or response in the conditioning of her phobia?
a. conditioned stimulus—the needle itself
b. unconditioned stimulus—pain; tissue damage
c. neutral stimulus—the needle itself
d. All of these

22. Learning reflects ________; maturation, _________.
a. nurture; nature
b. nature; nurture
c. nature; nature as well
d. nurture; nurture too

23. You toss a newly purchased felt mouse across the floor; your cat chases it excitedly, clutches it in her paws and rolls around with it. Several tosses later, your cat yawns pointedly and settles herself for a nap. The change in your cat’s behavior illustrates:
a. adaptation.
b. habituation.
c. conditioning.
d. maturation.

24. ___________ is credited with laying the foundation for the study of classical conditioning in psychology.
a. Thorndike
b. Skinner
c. Pavlov
d. Watson

25. Which of the following psychologists is NOT associated with the study of classical conditioning?
a. Skinner
b. Pavlov
c. Watson
d. Neither A nor C is associated with classical conditioning.

26. _________ is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after being paired with a stimulus that would elicit the same response naturally.
a. Classical conditioning
b. Operant conditioning
c. Observational learning
d. Instrumental conditioning

27. In Pavlov’s study, the UCS was _______; the neutral stimulus was _________; and, finally, the CS was _________.
a. meat; the bell; meat
b. meat; the bell; the bell
c. the bell; meat; meat
d. meat; meat; the bell

28. Alexis uses cocaine, which activates her sympathetic nervous system. Expecting her dealer, her hands shake and her heart pounds. Which alternative below correctly identifies the neutral stimulus, the CS, and the UCS?
a. neutral stimulus—knock on the door; CS—cocaine; UCS—cocaine
b. neutral stimulus—knock on the door; CS—knock on the door; UCS—pounding heart
c. neutral stimulus—knock on the door; CS—knock on the door; UCS—cocaine
d. neutral stimulus—cocaine; CS—knock on the door; UCS—cocaine

29. In classical conditioning, how are the neutral stimulus and the CS related?
a. They are not related; they are completely different stimuli.
b. They are the same thing; the terms are interchangeable.
c. The neutral stimulus becomes the CS.
d. The CS becomes a neutral stimulus.

30. Classical conditioning is most effective when the neutral stimulus begins:
a. just before the UCS begins.
b. at exactly the same time that the UCS begins.
c. a while before the UCS begins.
d. immediately after the UCS begins.

31. Which of the following responses is probably learned through classical conditioning?
a. inserting coins in a vending machine
b. feeling anxious before a test
c. Both A and B
d. Neither A nor B

32. Which pair below INCORRECTLY identifies a stimulus or response in Watson and Rayner’s “Little Albert” study?
a. neutral stimulus—noise
b. conditioned stimulus—rat
c. unconditioned response—fear
d. Both A and C

33. A space-time anomaly strands several early psychologists in the 21st century. With no way back, the psychologists attempt to continue their work in the present day. Watson proposes a “Little Albert” study to a contemporary research ethics committee. Which of the following reflect a likely response of the committee?
a. “Congratulations! Your proposal has been approved! You may begin collecting data.”
b. “The investigator fails to make adequate provision for the collection of informed consent from the infant’s parent or guardian.”
c. “No discussion of debriefing or potential follow-up is included.”
d. Both B and C