practical reports./ Onion Cells/ Human Cheek Cells/ Fungal Cells

2 individuals reports with nice related figures ( Pictures from Practical ) .

Please see the ( BOTH ) structures and write an academic report.
1. Real time PCR and gel electrophoresis ( One page is enough)
2. Cell Structure Practical Exercises: ( 3 Parts in one report). ( 2-3 pages)
a. Onion Cells
b. Human Cheek Cells
c. Fungal Cells

Biology 2

Cell Structure Practical Exercises

Introduction

In this practicalexercise you will look at three different categories of cell: Fungal, Animal and Plant. This study will allow you to visualise some of the internal structure of eukaryotic cells and appreciate the size and shape differences. You will be taken through each of the steps before you begin.

All of the experiments use a microscope. This will be a high powered, binocular, oil immersion microscope. The rules for using the microscope are as follows:

1. Check that the microscope light is switched on. Ensure maximum light is coming through by checking the power level is high and any sub-stage irises are fully open. You will adjust these as appropriate for your specimen.

2. Bring the sub-stage condenser up and then lower slightly (a few mm).

3. The microscope has two focusing knobs, a large wheel for coarse adjustment and a small wheel for fine focusing. Check the movement before you put the slide on the microscope to get the feel of it and have the two wheels at about their mid-point before you begin.

4. Place the stained slide on the stage (prepared as per the individual exercises below) and secure with the spring clip. Note that this is a steerable stage so the slide can be moved to different positions very accurately.

5. Using a low power objective lens (10X will do) locate the specimen on the slide. If you cannot see any details you will have to move to a higher magnification.

6. Adjust the position of the slide so that you are in an area which isn’t too crowded or too thick.

7. Change the objective lens to 40X and check that you are on a good, i.e. thin looking, part of the specimen. Eukaryotic cells will all be visible at this magnification.

8. Put a drop (not a big drop) of oil onto the centre of the slide (where the light is!) and rotate in the 100X objective lens.Carefully adjust the focus using the fine focus control to bring the smear into view.
Experiment One: Onion Cells

Materials

Onion (Can make you cry)
Scalpel (Sharp – take care when in use)
Iodine solution (Toxic, safety protocols available in the lab)
Methylene Blue or Trypan Blue Stain (Toxic, safety protocols available in the lab)
Slides, coverslips (Glass)
Microscope

Method

1) Cut the onion and separate the layers. Note that the layers are quite thick but that between them there are very thin sheets of epidermis. Peel off a piece of this material; using a bit of water if required.
2) Place a small drop of Iodine solution on a slide and lower the piece into it; try to get the ‘whiter’ side uppermost and stop the sample from folding. Cover with a coverslip and press down gentlyusing a paper wipe or towel.
3) Observe under low (10X) and high power (40X) objectives (you can use oil if you wish but it may not give much more detail).
4) Make an annotated outline drawing of a single cell under high power.
5) Repeat using one of the blue stains.

Experiment Two:Human Cheek Cells

Health and Safety Notice

Read This Before You Start Any Work With Cheek Cells!

All samples of Human origin must be treated as if infected with viruses.Accordingly, you must only sample and handle your own cells and slides.

Do Not, Under Any Circumstances, Handle Any Material, Or Slides That Are Not Your Own!

You must also adhere strictly to the safety procedures listed below.Dispose of cotton wool buds in killing bags and slides in“Cin-Bin”.

Materials

Cotton swabs
Methylene Blue or Trypan Blue Stain (Toxic, safety protocols available in the lab)
Slides and coverslips (Glass)
Microscope

Method

1) Take a sterile cotton wool swaband rub the cotton end firmly over the inside of your cheek. This first sample usually contains mainly dead cells and debris.
2) Use a fresh swab to rub firmly again on the same area.
3) Smear the second cotton bud over a small (central) area of a clean glass slide and immediately dispose of the swabto ensure there is no risk of cross-contamination.
4) Place a drop of Methylene Blue(or Trypan Blue) on the smear using a dropping pipette and cover with a cover slip.
5) Gently squash as you did for the onion preparation.
6) Examine the cells under10X. There will be a lot of cellular debris and stain may be patchy. You may also see some bacterial cells. Select a cell or cells that have stained fairly uniformly and change the objective to 40X. Switch to oil immersion which should make some details a bit clearer. Make a simple annotated drawing of the cells.
Experiment Three: Fungal Cells

Health and Safety Notice

Read This Before You Start Any Work With Fungal Cells!

Fungi are potential allergens. If you are aware that you may be allergic to fungi please inform the lecturer or the technician. Even if you are not allergic, avoid breathing directly above the cultures to prevent breathing in spores.

Materials

Sellotape
Fungal cultures on agar plates
Blue Stain (Toxic, safety protocols available in the lab)
Slides (Glass)
Microscope

Method

1) Place a drop of stainin the centre of a slide.
2) Gently, press a piece of sellotapeabout 5 cm long onto the surface of the fungus, which is growing on an agar medium in a Petri dish, so that there is about 2 cm coated with fungus.
3) Carefully stick the sellotape onto the slide so that the patch of fungus goes into the stain. Smooth out the sellotape.
4) Examine the preparation under10X. There will be a lot of cellular debris and stain may be patchy. There may also be far too many sores. If that is the case you could repeat the sampling from the same place on the plate.Look at different areas and you should be able to see mycelium, aerial hyphae and vegetative sporing structures. Note that Ascomycotina and Zygomycotina have very different types of sporing structures and that all Ascomycotina species differ from each other.
5) Some larger species may be clear enough at 10X or 20X while others need 40X. If you have a sufficiently this area you can use oil immersion to improve detail.Make a simple annotated drawing of the various cells types.

Aspergillus sp Mucor sp Penicillium sp
(Ascomycotina) (Zygomycotina) (Ascomycotina)
Assessment Structure

1. Present the report in the form described in the separate file on Writing a Practical Report.

2. Produce a sketch of your observations for each organism with a brief description of what you see. This will be your Results section.

3. Your Discussion section should compare and explain the differences and similarities you identified in your Results section,

Laboratory practical
Real time PCR and gel electrophoresis

Aim:

The aim of this practical is to give students first-hand experience of the use of the real time PCR technique for identifying the presence of a gene.

Objectives:

The real time PCR test has a broad range of applications in biotechnology research and medicine. At the end of this practical you should be familiar with the principles behind real time PCR and have an appreciation of the importance of this widely used technique and its range of potential applications.

Protocol (RT-PCR):

1. In a 1.5 ml reaction tube on ice add the following components in the order listed below:
a) RNase free water 7 µl
b) Forward primer for TN3872 1 µl
c) Reverse primer for TN3872 1 µl
d) SYBER Green master mix 10 µl
e) DNA template 1ul

20 µl 2. Mix gently.
3. Pipette your master mix into each pre-cooled
LightCycler Capillary.
4. Gently spin your capillary (in its holder) for 15 seconds at 8.5G.
Remember to make a note of the holder’s number so that you can
retrieve your sample after spinning.
5. Remove your capillary holder from the centrifuge and place the capillary
in the sample carousel.
Remember to make a note of your capillary so that you can analyse
your results after the PCR run.
6. Place the sample carousel into the LightCycler.
7. Click “RUN”
8. When the run is complete analyse your data.

Protocol (Gel electrophoresis)
1. Snap PCR capillary just above the level of the liquid
2. Place upside down in a microcentrifuge tube
3. Spin in the centrifuge at maximum speed for 4 minutes
4. Remove 4ul of the sample and place in a new tube with 4ul of loading buffer
5. Mix the sample by pipetting up and down
6. Load into an agarose gel making note of which lane your sample is in
7. Run for 45 minutes at 120V
8. Visualise under a UV lamp
6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666
Was the Civil War necessary or inevitable?

Order Description
Header of paper:
U.S History
(Title of Essay)
1) make sure you include header at top right corner(Abdelmalak, pg. #)
2) cite everything or anything you use from the readings!(author, pg. #).
3) use quotes and evidence to support and prove your opinion whether the civil war was necessary or inevitable and why with supporting quotes.
4) write strong analysis for quotes you use and explain them in depth.
5) introduction must include hook, thesis, introduction of the articles you use.
6) no outside resources. use articles I list only please.
7) no plagiarizing, cite every quote from the readings I provide.
8) avoid personal opinions as much as possible, support with quotes from the readings
proving your argument.
9) Please use the University of Chicago/Turabian citation style
10) 4 full pages, not including the work cited page please.
In this assignment, you will write a full 4-page essay answering these questions:

1) Was the Civil War inevitable?

2) Was the Civil War necessary?

You may use any of the readings I provide to support your arguments, but no outside sources at all. Papers will be graded on your ability to mobilize evidence from primary and secondary sources to support your arguments.
*List of readings you can only use that best answer the questions and your stance on the question:
You can access these links by logging into Blackboard Rutgers with the net-id: ssa115 password: abdelmalak.18 (after you are logged in just copy and paste the following links and it will open right away)
1) Thomas N. Bonner, “Civil War Historians and the ‘Needless War’ Doctrine”
Link=
https://blackboard.rutgers.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-498230-dt-content-rid-1036480_1/courses/201592151220106/23%20Bonner_Needless%20War.pdf
2) Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address, Emancipation Proclamation, Second Inaugural Address
Link=
https://blackboard.rutgers.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-498231-dt-content-rid-1036481_1/courses/201592151220106/24%201%20Lincoln.pdf
3) Charles Royster, The Destructive War (excerpt)
Link=
https://blackboard.rutgers.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-498235-dt-content-rid-1036485_1/courses/201592151220106/24%20Royster.pdf
4) All Reconstruction Readings (after the civil war)
Link=
https://blackboard.rutgers.edu/webapps/blackboard/execute/content/file?cmd=view&content_id=_498237_1&course_id=_21968_1

*This is my last paper and I really need to do well because this paper is 50% of my final grade please please please I need this paper to be well written. I need it by

practical reports./ Onion Cells/ Human Cheek Cells/ Fungal Cells

2 individuals reports with nice related figures ( Pictures from Practical ) .

Please see the ( BOTH ) structures and write an academic report.
1. Real time PCR and gel electrophoresis ( One page is enough)
2. Cell Structure Practical Exercises: ( 3 Parts in one report). ( 2-3 pages)
a. Onion Cells
b. Human Cheek Cells
c. Fungal Cells

Biology 2

Cell Structure Practical Exercises

Introduction

In this practicalexercise you will look at three different categories of cell: Fungal, Animal and Plant. This study will allow you to visualise some of the internal structure of eukaryotic cells and appreciate the size and shape differences. You will be taken through each of the steps before you begin.

All of the experiments use a microscope. This will be a high powered, binocular, oil immersion microscope. The rules for using the microscope are as follows:

1. Check that the microscope light is switched on. Ensure maximum light is coming through by checking the power level is high and any sub-stage irises are fully open. You will adjust these as appropriate for your specimen.

2. Bring the sub-stage condenser up and then lower slightly (a few mm).

3. The microscope has two focusing knobs, a large wheel for coarse adjustment and a small wheel for fine focusing. Check the movement before you put the slide on the microscope to get the feel of it and have the two wheels at about their mid-point before you begin.

4. Place the stained slide on the stage (prepared as per the individual exercises below) and secure with the spring clip. Note that this is a steerable stage so the slide can be moved to different positions very accurately.

5. Using a low power objective lens (10X will do) locate the specimen on the slide. If you cannot see any details you will have to move to a higher magnification.

6. Adjust the position of the slide so that you are in an area which isn’t too crowded or too thick.

7. Change the objective lens to 40X and check that you are on a good, i.e. thin looking, part of the specimen. Eukaryotic cells will all be visible at this magnification.

8. Put a drop (not a big drop) of oil onto the centre of the slide (where the light is!) and rotate in the 100X objective lens.Carefully adjust the focus using the fine focus control to bring the smear into view.
Experiment One: Onion Cells

Materials

Onion (Can make you cry)
Scalpel (Sharp – take care when in use)
Iodine solution (Toxic, safety protocols available in the lab)
Methylene Blue or Trypan Blue Stain (Toxic, safety protocols available in the lab)
Slides, coverslips (Glass)
Microscope

Method

1) Cut the onion and separate the layers. Note that the layers are quite thick but that between them there are very thin sheets of epidermis. Peel off a piece of this material; using a bit of water if required.
2) Place a small drop of Iodine solution on a slide and lower the piece into it; try to get the ‘whiter’ side uppermost and stop the sample from folding. Cover with a coverslip and press down gentlyusing a paper wipe or towel.
3) Observe under low (10X) and high power (40X) objectives (you can use oil if you wish but it may not give much more detail).
4) Make an annotated outline drawing of a single cell under high power.
5) Repeat using one of the blue stains.

Experiment Two:Human Cheek Cells

Health and Safety Notice

Read This Before You Start Any Work With Cheek Cells!

All samples of Human origin must be treated as if infected with viruses.Accordingly, you must only sample and handle your own cells and slides.

Do Not, Under Any Circumstances, Handle Any Material, Or Slides That Are Not Your Own!

You must also adhere strictly to the safety procedures listed below.Dispose of cotton wool buds in killing bags and slides in“Cin-Bin”.

Materials

Cotton swabs
Methylene Blue or Trypan Blue Stain (Toxic, safety protocols available in the lab)
Slides and coverslips (Glass)
Microscope

Method

1) Take a sterile cotton wool swaband rub the cotton end firmly over the inside of your cheek. This first sample usually contains mainly dead cells and debris.
2) Use a fresh swab to rub firmly again on the same area.
3) Smear the second cotton bud over a small (central) area of a clean glass slide and immediately dispose of the swabto ensure there is no risk of cross-contamination.
4) Place a drop of Methylene Blue(or Trypan Blue) on the smear using a dropping pipette and cover with a cover slip.
5) Gently squash as you did for the onion preparation.
6) Examine the cells under10X. There will be a lot of cellular debris and stain may be patchy. You may also see some bacterial cells. Select a cell or cells that have stained fairly uniformly and change the objective to 40X. Switch to oil immersion which should make some details a bit clearer. Make a simple annotated drawing of the cells.
Experiment Three: Fungal Cells

Health and Safety Notice

Read This Before You Start Any Work With Fungal Cells!

Fungi are potential allergens. If you are aware that you may be allergic to fungi please inform the lecturer or the technician. Even if you are not allergic, avoid breathing directly above the cultures to prevent breathing in spores.

Materials

Sellotape
Fungal cultures on agar plates
Blue Stain (Toxic, safety protocols available in the lab)
Slides (Glass)
Microscope

Method

1) Place a drop of stainin the centre of a slide.
2) Gently, press a piece of sellotapeabout 5 cm long onto the surface of the fungus, which is growing on an agar medium in a Petri dish, so that there is about 2 cm coated with fungus.
3) Carefully stick the sellotape onto the slide so that the patch of fungus goes into the stain. Smooth out the sellotape.
4) Examine the preparation under10X. There will be a lot of cellular debris and stain may be patchy. There may also be far too many sores. If that is the case you could repeat the sampling from the same place on the plate.Look at different areas and you should be able to see mycelium, aerial hyphae and vegetative sporing structures. Note that Ascomycotina and Zygomycotina have very different types of sporing structures and that all Ascomycotina species differ from each other.
5) Some larger species may be clear enough at 10X or 20X while others need 40X. If you have a sufficiently this area you can use oil immersion to improve detail.Make a simple annotated drawing of the various cells types.

Aspergillus sp Mucor sp Penicillium sp
(Ascomycotina) (Zygomycotina) (Ascomycotina)
Assessment Structure

1. Present the report in the form described in the separate file on Writing a Practical Report.

2. Produce a sketch of your observations for each organism with a brief description of what you see. This will be your Results section.

3. Your Discussion section should compare and explain the differences and similarities you identified in your Results section,

Laboratory practical
Real time PCR and gel electrophoresis

Aim:

The aim of this practical is to give students first-hand experience of the use of the real time PCR technique for identifying the presence of a gene.

Objectives:

The real time PCR test has a broad range of applications in biotechnology research and medicine. At the end of this practical you should be familiar with the principles behind real time PCR and have an appreciation of the importance of this widely used technique and its range of potential applications.

Protocol (RT-PCR):

1. In a 1.5 ml reaction tube on ice add the following components in the order listed below:
a) RNase free water 7 µl
b) Forward primer for TN3872 1 µl
c) Reverse primer for TN3872 1 µl
d) SYBER Green master mix 10 µl
e) DNA template 1ul

20 µl 2. Mix gently.
3. Pipette your master mix into each pre-cooled
LightCycler Capillary.
4. Gently spin your capillary (in its holder) for 15 seconds at 8.5G.
Remember to make a note of the holder’s number so that you can
retrieve your sample after spinning.
5. Remove your capillary holder from the centrifuge and place the capillary
in the sample carousel.
Remember to make a note of your capillary so that you can analyse
your results after the PCR run.
6. Place the sample carousel into the LightCycler.
7. Click “RUN”
8. When the run is complete analyse your data.

Protocol (Gel electrophoresis)
1. Snap PCR capillary just above the level of the liquid
2. Place upside down in a microcentrifuge tube
3. Spin in the centrifuge at maximum speed for 4 minutes
4. Remove 4ul of the sample and place in a new tube with 4ul of loading buffer
5. Mix the sample by pipetting up and down
6. Load into an agarose gel making note of which lane your sample is in
7. Run for 45 minutes at 120V
8. Visualise under a UV lamp
6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666
Was the Civil War necessary or inevitable?

Order Description
Header of paper:
U.S History
(Title of Essay)
1) make sure you include header at top right corner(Abdelmalak, pg. #)
2) cite everything or anything you use from the readings!(author, pg. #).
3) use quotes and evidence to support and prove your opinion whether the civil war was necessary or inevitable and why with supporting quotes.
4) write strong analysis for quotes you use and explain them in depth.
5) introduction must include hook, thesis, introduction of the articles you use.
6) no outside resources. use articles I list only please.
7) no plagiarizing, cite every quote from the readings I provide.
8) avoid personal opinions as much as possible, support with quotes from the readings
proving your argument.
9) Please use the University of Chicago/Turabian citation style
10) 4 full pages, not including the work cited page please.
In this assignment, you will write a full 4-page essay answering these questions:

1) Was the Civil War inevitable?

2) Was the Civil War necessary?

You may use any of the readings I provide to support your arguments, but no outside sources at all. Papers will be graded on your ability to mobilize evidence from primary and secondary sources to support your arguments.
*List of readings you can only use that best answer the questions and your stance on the question:
You can access these links by logging into Blackboard Rutgers with the net-id: ssa115 password: abdelmalak.18 (after you are logged in just copy and paste the following links and it will open right away)
1) Thomas N. Bonner, “Civil War Historians and the ‘Needless War’ Doctrine”
Link=
https://blackboard.rutgers.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-498230-dt-content-rid-1036480_1/courses/201592151220106/23%20Bonner_Needless%20War.pdf
2) Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address, Emancipation Proclamation, Second Inaugural Address
Link=
https://blackboard.rutgers.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-498231-dt-content-rid-1036481_1/courses/201592151220106/24%201%20Lincoln.pdf
3) Charles Royster, The Destructive War (excerpt)
Link=
https://blackboard.rutgers.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-498235-dt-content-rid-1036485_1/courses/201592151220106/24%20Royster.pdf
4) All Reconstruction Readings (after the civil war)
Link=
https://blackboard.rutgers.edu/webapps/blackboard/execute/content/file?cmd=view&content_id=_498237_1&course_id=_21968_1

*This is my last paper and I really need to do well because this paper is 50% of my final grade please please please I need this paper to be well written. I need it by