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When the grand prince of Moscow, Ivan III, stopped paying tribute to the Mongol Khan in 1848, it was seen as significant because it 
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•  consolidated the Muscovy princes over all other princes.
•  symbolically declared Russian independence from Mongol rule.
•  led to a revolution in the Caucuses.

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During the fifteenth century, the princes of Moscow expanded their land holdings by war, marriages, and outright purchases. Ivan III sought to consolidate his holdings through 
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•  generating violent wars and revolution among indigenous populations.
•  recruiting peasants and offering them freedom to settle in newly acquired lands.
•  a series of marriages to several different royal houses which owned land.

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Ivan III reigned like the Byzantine emperors, which meant that he 
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•  was the head of the state and head of the church.
•  organized a liberal constitutional monarchy and made himself the head.
•  ruled through terror and fear with bands of peasants who carried out his orders.

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The reign of Ivan the Terrible, the grandson of Ivan III, is important because during his rule, 
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•  church lands were confiscated for use of the state.
•  oprichniki, whose primary function was service to the state, were introduced.
•  his eccentric behavior led to the burning of dissenters in large frying pans in Moscow.

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When Ivan IV died without an heir, the next fifteen years of wars and famine, known as the Time of Troubles, were punctuated by 
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•  fighting between factions who wanted to succeed Ivan IV.
•  the invasion of Russia by Poland and Sweden.
•  both of the above.
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In the aftermath of the Polish and Swedish invasion, representatives from around the country selected which man as the Tsar? 
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•  Mikhail Romanov
•  Peter I
•  Avvakum

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When Peter I came to the throne in 1682, his primary agenda was to 
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•  initiate a plan of forced and rapid modernization based on western models.
•  consolidate his power by relocating dissenters in the farthest part of his country.
•  purge all foreign influence out of Russian culture and language.

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The commitment of Peter I to modernization turned the Russia army into one of the largest in the world. Which tactics did he incorporate to achieve this? 
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•  buying surplus military men from other countries
•  extensive training, modern weapons, and better salaries
•  avoiding military conflict for many years in an effort to build up the military

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When Peter I overhauled the Russian government bureaucracy, he 
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•  established the Table of Ranks which eliminated the privileges of nobility and reinforced the subservience of the people to the tsar.
•  created a pre-modern system of social security that included peasants.
•  decided to give tax breaks to foreign industrial powers that would re-locate in Russia.

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In Russia, the policy of Peter I’s social reform included 
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•  cutting off beards of men and the abolishment of terms.
•  quicker and easier divorce laws for everyone, not just the privileged nobles.
•  redistribution of land to freed peasants and serfs.

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With St. Petersburg, Peter I worked zealously to establish a modern capitol and used architects and designs exclusively from within the Russian population in an effort to promote Russian nationalism and pride. 
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•  True
•  False

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In the Charter of Nobility and its parallel, the Charter of the Towns, Catherine II reinforced the image of the enlightened despot by 
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•  providing complete autonomy to all classes and provinces.
•  encouraging industrial production by providing tax breaks to reward individual initiative.
•  stopping short of granting complete independence to nobles in the towns.

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After crushing the challenges to her rule, Catherine II launched a campaign aimed at expanding foreign and especially Western European influence in an ongoing effort to modernize. 
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•  True
•  False
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Ukraine peasants, led by Bogdan Khmelnitsky, gravitated toward a union with Russia based on their 
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•  hatred of Polish landlords.
•  religious affinities.
•  all of the above.

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The Polish-Lithuanian Republic remained unstable due to its poorly organized administrative and legal systems, and it posed little resistance when invaded by 
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•  Russia, Austria, and Prussia.
•  Russia, France, and Prussia.
•  Russia, Austria, and the German Federation.

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During the various wars with Russia, parts of Poland were annexed. In regard to these territories, Catherine II initiated legislation called the Pale of Settlement which 
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•  prohibited peasants from living outside their traditional feudal boundaries.
•  prohibited Jews from living outside specified boundaries.
•  prohibited foreigners from living outside of specific cities.

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In pre-modern Muscovite society, agricultural society revolved around 
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•  the peasant church.
•  the peasant family.
•  the peasant village.

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Peasant women in pre-modern Muscovite society held considerable influence because they took the responsibility for 
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•  organizing labor on the family farm.
•  arranging marriages in the village.
•  promoting religious values, such as honesty and purity.

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Contrary to their Western counterparts, Russian women often maintained control over their dowries after marriage. 
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•  True
•  False

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During whose reign did the nobles gain the most power regarding their feudal privileges at the expense of their serfs? 
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•  Ivan I
•  Peter I
•  Catherine II

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When Patriarch Nikon of Moscow and his followers initiated a series of reforms, they faced enormous resista